Keel bone damage, which presents as fractures and/or deviations of the keel, has been detected in laying hens housed in all types of systems. Factors leading to keel bone damage in hens housed with ...limited vertical space, such as those housed in furnished systems, are not well understood, and are the topic of this study. Ten focal hens from each of 12 furnished cages (4 rooms of 3 cages) were fitted with keel mounted tri-axial accelerometers. Their behavior was video recorded continuously over two 3-wk trials: the first when the hens were between 52 and 60 wk of age, and the second approximately 20 wk later. The integrity of each hen's keel was evaluated at the start and end of each 3-wk trial using digital computed tomography. We identified predominant behaviors associated with acceleration events sustained at the keel (collisions, aggressive interactions and grooming) by pairing accelerometer outputs with video data. For each recorded acceleration event we calculated the acceleration magnitudes as the maximum summed acceleration recorded during the event, and by calculating the area under the acceleration curve. A principle components analysis, which was used as a data reduction technique, resulted in the identification of 4 components that were used in a subsequent regression analysis. A key finding is that the number of collisions a hen has with structures in her environment, and the number of aggressive interactions that a hen is involved, each affect the likelihood that she will develop 1 or more fractures within a 3-wk time span. This relationship between hen behavior and keel fracture formation was independent of the magnitude of acceleration involved in the event. Observed behavior did not have an impact on the formation of keel bone deviations, further supporting reports that the mechanisms underlying the 2 types of keel bone damage are different.
ABSTRACT
Damage to the keel bone is a major issue in the laying hen industry. The goal of this study was to compare palpation results of live laying hens to digital computed tomography (CT) images, ...to assess changes in palpation reliability as training and familiarity increased, and to examine keel bone morphology over time. The longitudinal study consisted of 2 trials of 3 observation periods using 40 different (n = 120) W-36 hens housed in enriched colony cages. The first trial began when hens were 52 to 58 wk of age repeating the trial when the same birds were 74 to 81 wk of age. At 52 wk of age, each hen's keel bone was palpated by a single individual for keel bone caudal tip fractures (Tip), sagittal deviations (Evenness), and transverse deviations (Straightness). After palpation, each hen was placed in a motion limiting restraint and scanned using CT. The hens spent the next 21 d in their cages and on day 21, the hens were collected, palpated, and CT scanned again. The CT scans were imported into Mimics analysis software, 3D models of each keel bone were constructed and evaluated. Each bone and 3D model was scored (0, 1, 2) on the measurement of transverse deviation based on <0.5 cm, 0.51 to 1.0 cm, and >1.0 cm total deviation, respectively. Analysis of data using Proc Freq and Means in SAS 9.3 revealed minimal to moderate kappa values and moderate agreement percentages between palpators and digital analysis. The computer generated 3D models of individual keel bones were compared to palpation scores for Tip, Evenness, and Straightness at the beginning and end of each trial. The visual observations of the 3D models were qualitative, performed by a single individual. Overall, we found CT scanning to be a useful tool in observing changes to the keel bone, we observed changes in palpation accuracy as training/familiarity increased, and examined changes in keel morphology, specifically in the tip, after 52 wk of age.
ABSTRACT
Keel bone damage may be painful to birds and affect their production. In order to better understand the frequency, position, and timepoint of keel bone damage that occur during production, ...the integrity of W-36 laying hen keel bones housed in enriched colony cages at 748.4 cm2 (116 in2) was evaluated. At four time points, 120 birds (10 per cage; three cages per each of four rooms) had keel bones evaluated. Each hen was placed in a motion limiting restraint, scanned using computed tomography (CT), fitted in vests containing tri-axial accelerometers, and placed back in their cages for 21 d. After 21 d, the hens were rescanned and returned to their cages. This process was repeated after 133 d. The CT scans were imported into Mimics analysis software (Materialise, Plymouth, MI, USA); 3D models were made of each keel bone at each time point and exported to 3-matic analysis software (Materialise, Plymouth, MI, USA). Each laying hen's keel bone model was superimposed onto scans from multiple time points resulting in four bone pairings representative of each 21-d period, the 133-d period, and the entire duration of the project. Next, the proximal portion of each bone pairing was edited to normalize bone shape according to a strict protocol. Additionally, each pairing was divided into three portions: distal aspect (3 cm), proximal aspect (2 cm), and middle portion (remaining). Whole bone pairing and each bone portion was analyzed using the Part Comparison tool in 3-matic. Raw data were compiled into three datasets and analyzed in SAS 9.3 using the GLIMMIX procedure using a three-level random intercept model. The model controlled for time, part, part(time), and system with random intercepts of bird(cage) and cage. Overall, results revealed that the greatest morphological changes occurred during the first 21-d period with regards to time (P = 0.03) and in the distal aspect of the keel with regards to part (P < 0.0001).
Using consensual qualitative research (CQR), we analyzed 13 interviews of experienced psychotherapists about general intentions for therapist self-disclosure (TSD), experiences with successful TSDs, ...experiences with unsuccessful TSDs, and instances of unmanifested urges to disclose. For TSD generally (i.e., not about a specific instance), typical intentions were to facilitate exploration and build and maintain the therapeutic relationship. Therapists typically reported becoming more comfortable using TSD over time. In successful TSDs, the typical content was accurate, relevant similarities between therapist and client; typical consequences were positive. In unsuccessful TSDs, the typical antecedent was countertransference reactions; the typical intention was to provide support; typical content involved therapists mistakenly perceiving similarities with clients; and the general consequences were negative. In instances when therapists repressed the urge to disclose, the typical antecedent was countertransference and the content typically seemed relevant to the client's issues. We conclude that effective use of TSD requires general attunement to the client's dynamics, attunement to the client's readiness in the moment, ability to manage countertransference, and ability to use a specific TSD appropriately. Implications for practice, training, and research are discussed.
Public Significance Statement
Therapist self-disclosure is a controversial intervention because of the concern about the focus shifting from the client to the therapist. Experienced therapists suggested disclosure can be very helpful but that therapists should not disclose if it is not in the client's best interest, if the therapist feels too vulnerable, and if the therapist's personal issues are strongly involved.
A social justice framework can be used to inform healthy equity-focused research, and operationalizing social justice can inform strategic planning for research and practice models. This study aimed ...to develop a working definition of social justice based on input from a diverse group of collaborators to better inform the work conducted within the Center for Research, Health, and Social Justice.BackgroundA social justice framework can be used to inform healthy equity-focused research, and operationalizing social justice can inform strategic planning for research and practice models. This study aimed to develop a working definition of social justice based on input from a diverse group of collaborators to better inform the work conducted within the Center for Research, Health, and Social Justice.A concept mapping study was conducted from March to May 2022. A prompt designed to elicit social justice themes was developed (phase 1). At a study website, participants brainstormed statements that represented their definition of social justice (phase 2). Participants then sorted statements based on similarity and rated statements on importance (phase 3). Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify nonoverlapping thematic clusters of statements (phase 4). Models were reviewed for best fit, and clusters were assigned names based on theme (phase 5).MethodsA concept mapping study was conducted from March to May 2022. A prompt designed to elicit social justice themes was developed (phase 1). At a study website, participants brainstormed statements that represented their definition of social justice (phase 2). Participants then sorted statements based on similarity and rated statements on importance (phase 3). Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify nonoverlapping thematic clusters of statements (phase 4). Models were reviewed for best fit, and clusters were assigned names based on theme (phase 5).Participants (n = 49) generated 52 unique statements that were sorted into 5 clusters describing social justice themes. Clusters included (1) Empathy, Awareness, and Understanding (n = 11); (2) Education and Systems Change (n = 10); (3) Policy Design and Implementation (n = 9); (4) Equity and Leveling the Playing Field (n = 11); and (5) Access to Services and Fair Living Standard (n = 11). High mean cluster ratings ranging from 5.22 to 6.02 out of 7 indicated all clusters were rated as being very important aspects of social justice.ResultsParticipants (n = 49) generated 52 unique statements that were sorted into 5 clusters describing social justice themes. Clusters included (1) Empathy, Awareness, and Understanding (n = 11); (2) Education and Systems Change (n = 10); (3) Policy Design and Implementation (n = 9); (4) Equity and Leveling the Playing Field (n = 11); and (5) Access to Services and Fair Living Standard (n = 11). High mean cluster ratings ranging from 5.22 to 6.02 out of 7 indicated all clusters were rated as being very important aspects of social justice.These data can guide the restructuring of research ecosystems that help eliminate race- and place-based health disparities.ConclusionsThese data can guide the restructuring of research ecosystems that help eliminate race- and place-based health disparities.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer attributed deaths in the U.S. Among the states, Arkansas has one of the highest colorectal cancer mortality rates at 15.5 deaths per ...100,000 compared to the national average of 13.4 deaths per 100,000 (American Cancer Society, n.d.). In addition to all Arkansans facing higher incidence and mortality from the disease, more disparities are highlighted when these statistics are examined along racial lines. African Americans face higher incidence and mortality from the disease with African American men facing the highest burden of disease (Arkansas Cancer Facts and Figures 2017, n.d.). The most effective method of colorectal cancer prevention is screening, though many may not have access in many areas in Arkansas. To remedy this issue, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences created the Colorectal Cancer Screening and Prevention Program (CCSPP) to increase preventive colorectal cancer care accessibility in underserved communities. This program partners with community services such as food drives to distribute Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) kits to community members that can be mailed back to UAMS free of charge. To ensure effective distribution, a script was prepared for community health workers (CHWs) attending these events. CHWs follow the script to determine community member eligibility in the CCSPP followed by FIT kit distribution. Eligible participants have fourteen days to return their completed FIT before they begin receiving weekly reminders via mail or mobile phone. The involvement of CHWs in this program is vital, highlighting the need for effective training. To assure that CHWs have the knowledge necessary for community FIT distribution, a presentation was prepared to provide colorectal cancer screening education and detail the script and consent forms. The objective of the training presentation is to ensure the preparedness of CHWs for community events. The presentation has shown positive results with a two-point increase in the average posttest score of 7.88 after the presentation when compared to the average pretest score of 5.88 before the presentation. This program and methodology allow the most vulnerable Arkansans to receive previously inaccessible preventive care. Though data analysis is still needed to determine the efficacy of this method, this program may serve as an adaptable model for other colorectal cancer prevention initiatives that seek to reach underserved communities. References American Cancer Society. (n.d.). American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Statistics. American Cancer Society | Cancer Facts & Statistics. Retrieved from https://cancerstatisticscenter.cancer.org/?_ga=2.234590110.106142599.1654007572-1141503805.1630428031#!/cancer-site/Colorectum Arkansas Cancer Facts and Figures 2017 (Arkansas Cancer Facts and Figures, p. 170). (n.d.-c). Arkansas Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/images/uploads/publications/ARCancerFacts2017.pdf
Citation Format: Sydney T. Baker. FIT distribution in underserved communities in Arkansas abstract. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B054.
Judges often use parental presence to support the validity of youth Miranda waivers, despite a lack of supporting research. Research on factors that influence parents' behavior during youth ...interrogation is limited and does not account for the impact of race. The current study involved presenting 763 parents with vignettes in which their child was suspected of committing an offense to examine how race, perceptions of police legitimacy, interrogation knowledge, and knowledge of adjudication consequences independently and collectively predict how parents believe they will advise their child regarding Miranda waiver. Perceptions of police legitimacy mediated the relationship between race and parents' expectations of advice; Black parents reported lower perceptions of police legitimacy than White parents and, in turn, were more likely to believe they would advise their children to assert rights. In addition, greater knowledge of juvenile interrogation procedures and greater knowledge of adjudication consequences were associated with an increased likelihood that parents believed they would advise their children to assert their rights. Race did not interact with interrogation knowledge or with adjudication consequences knowledge to predict parents' expected advice. Results of the study demonstrate that parent involvement in Miranda waiver and interrogation is likely shaped by parent-specific factors, including race and knowledge of legal procedures. These findings provide support that the current manner in which judges assess for Miranda waiver validity is not comprehensive, and therefore youth-particularly youth of color-may not be adequately protected during interrogation procedures.
Abstract Date Presented 03/21/24 This 2021 retrospective national survey of 1,549 self-reported caregivers of children with developmental disabilities provided insight into the prevalence of reported ...poor physical and mental health and its impact on personal activities of daily living (ADL) function. Primary Author and Speaker: Cindy W. W. Poole Additional Authors and Speakers: David Levine, Stephanie Forbert, Tessa Baker, Sydney Baker, Sarah Tindall, Blair Shelton
Aims
To compare outcomes for a behavioral activation group treatment for substance use life enhancement treatment for substance use (LETS ACT) versus a time and group size‐matched control condition ...delivered in a residential treatment setting.
Design
Single‐site two‐arm parallel‐group randomized clinical trial with follow‐up assessment at 3, 6 and 12 months post‐treatment.
Setting
Residential substance use treatment facility in the United States.
Participants
Participants were 263 adults mean age 42.7 (11.8); 29.5% female; 95.4% African American; 73.2% court mandated whose insurance dictated 30‐day (65.9%) or 90‐day (34.1%) treatment duration.
Intervention and comparator
LETS ACT (n = 142) is a treatment developed originally for depression and modified for substance use. It teaches participants to increase positively reinforcing value‐driven activities in order to counter depression and relapse. The control group supportive counseling (SC); n = 121 received time and group size‐matched supportive counseling. Treatment was delivered in five or eight 1‐hour sessions depending on patient length of stay.
Measurements
Percentage abstinent at follow‐up, percentage of substance use days among those reporting use, depressive symptoms Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and adverse consequences of drug use Short Inventory of Problems—Alcohol and Drug (SIP‐AD).
Findings
LETS ACT had significantly higher abstinence rates at 3 months odds ratio (OR) = 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–3.7, 6 months (OR = 2.6, 95% CI= 1.3–5.0) and 12 months (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.3–6.1) post‐treatment compared with SC. LETS ACT participants reported significantly fewer adverse consequences from substance use at 12 months post‐treatment B = 4.50, standard error (SE) = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.22–8.78. Treatment condition had no effect on percentage substance use days among those who resumed use or on change in depressive symptoms; the latter decreased over time only in those who remained abstinent after residential treatment irrespective of condition (B = 0.43, SE = 0.11, 95% confidence interval = 0.22–0.65).
Conclusions
A behavioral activation group treatment for substance use (LETS ACT) appears to increase the likelihood of abstinence and reduce adverse consequences from substance use up to 12 months post‐treatment.
Courts often assume that youth and adult suspects are equally capable of making decisions about whether to talk to police officers-decisions that carry serious long-term consequences. In Miranda v. ...Arizona, the Supreme Court ruled that prior to custodial interrogation, police officers must remind suspects of their rights to silence and legal counsel, and a suspect must waive their rights "voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently" for police to continue questioning. This legal standard was extended to youth without affording them additional protections, despite decades of research on adolescent cognitive and socioemotional development demonstrating that youth have inherent difficulties understanding and appreciating their Miranda rights. Navigating interrogation situations is likely even more challenging for youth of color, who not only face disadvantages due to their developmental immaturity, but also systemic racism within the legal system. As biased police practices put youth of color at a higher risk of police contact, it is especially important to consider how adolescent development and racial bias interact to impact youths' ability to make valid Miranda waivers. Researchers and legal advocates have made multiple youth interrogation reform recommendations, but many of these recommendations fall short by failing to take into full account the impact of adolescent development and racial bias on youths' ability to navigate interrogation. This paper analyzes proposals for reform through a developmental and racial equity lens and makes recommendations about future research needed to determine the most effective way to protect youth during interrogation.
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