Chrysin is an abundant flavonoid in nature, and it is also contained by several dietary supplements. Chrysin is highly biotransformed in the body, during which conjugated metabolites ...chrysin-7-sulfate and chrysin-7-glucuronide are formed. These conjugates appear at considerably higher concentrations in the circulation than the parent compound. Based on previous studies, chrysin can interact with biotransformation enzymes and transporters; however, the interactions of its metabolites have been barely examined. In this in vitro study, the effects of chrysin, chrysin-7-sulfate, and chrysin-7-glucuronide on cytochrome P450 enzymes (2C9, 2C19, 3A4, and 2D6) as well as on organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs; 1A2, 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1) and ATP binding cassette P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporters were investigated. Our observations revealed that chrysin conjugates are strong inhibitors of certain biotransformation enzymes (e.g., CYP2C9) and transporters (e.g., OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and BCRP) examined. Therefore, the simultaneous administration of chrysin-containing dietary supplements with medications needs to be carefully considered due to the possible development of pharmacokinetic interactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chrysin-7-sulfate and chrysin-7-glucuronide are the major metabolites of flavonoid chrysin. In this study, we examined the effects of chrysin and its conjugates on cytochrome P450 enzymes and on organic anion-transporting polypeptides and ATP binding cassette transporters (P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2). Our results demonstrate that chrysin and/or its conjugates can significantly inhibit some of these proteins. Since chrysin is also contained by dietary supplements, high intake of chrysin may interrupt the transport and/or the biotransformation of drugs.
•Frost hardiness of 6 consecutive floral stages in 3 apricots were studied in 15 years.•Both genotypes and years were highly significant components of frost tolerance.•Frost tolerance decreased ...gradually as flowering proceeded.•Meteorological parameters of the 8 months before flowering affected frost tolerance.•Later timing of blooming was accompanied with decreased frost tolerance.
Long-term examinations are important for accurately dissecting the genotypic and environmental factors of and for predicting the possible impacts of climate change on quantitative traits, such as the frost tolerance of apricot generative organs during the floral developmental period. In our experimental work the cold hardiness of flower buds and flowers of three apricot cultivars ‘Ceglédi bíborkajszi’ (CBK), ‘Gönci magyar kajszi’ (GMK) and ‘Rózsakajszi C.1406’ (RK) was studied systematically in different phenological stages, applying a standardised artificial freezing test protocol on samples collected from the orchard during a period of 15 consecutive years. Based on the results, both the genotypes and the years were highly significant components of frost tolerance; at the early phases the greater effect of years, while at the later stages that of the genotypes were detected. RK was frost tolerant and more stable across the years, while CBK was the most frost sensitive, which was accompanied by a significantly higher sensitivity to seasonal differences. Positive correlation was found between the starting time of blooming and frost tolerance of flowers, the significance of which intensified with the frost sensitivity of the apricot genotype. Significant associations were identified between various meteorological parameters of the 8-month period prevailing flowering and frost tolerance of apricot flowers during blooming. Possible effects of climate change on the local weather conditions were also detected with significant impacts on the phenological processes of floral buds, on the timing of flowering and on frost tolerance.
Abstract
Six silica-supported phosphotungstic acid catalysts (PTA/SiO
2
) of different composition (20–70 wt% PTA content) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, BET, BJH, NH
...3
-TPD methods, FT-IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine and
1
H MAS NMR techniques. The new composite catalysts were first applied in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of toluene with 1-octene as a benchmark process under batch conditions in order to screen their activity and recyclability. The combined analytical techniques together with the catalytic studies enabled the identification of the main factors affecting the activity of the catalysts. Based on these preliminary experiments, the best performing catalyst system (50 wt% PTA/SiO
2
) was investigated in continuous flow mode using an in-house-made flow reactor. The thorough screening of the reaction conditions (temperature, toluene/1-octene molar ratio and flow rate) provided firm evidence that the 50 wt% PTA/SiO
2
composite is highly active, selective and stable catalyst under mild reaction conditions even at elevated flow rate. Additionally, the catalyst used in the flow mode could successfully be regenerated and reused in the alkylation process.
NH4Cu(OH)MoO4 as active photocatalyst in the decomposition of Congo Red when irradiated by UV or visible light has been prepared in an unusual ammonia/water ligand exchange reaction of ...tetraamminecopper(II) molybdate, Cu(NH3)4MoO4. Cu(NH3)4MoO4 was subjected to moisture of open air at room temperature. Light blue orthorhombic Cu(NH3)(H2O)3MoO4 was formed in 2 days as a result of an unexpected solid/gas phase ammonia–water ligand exchange reaction. This complex does not lose its last ammonia ligand on further standing in open air; however, a slow quasi-intramolecular (self)-protonation reaction takes place in 2–4 weeks, producing a yellowish-green microcrystalline material, which has been identified as a new compound, NH4Cu(OH)MoO4, (a = 10,5306 Å, b = 6.0871 Å, c = 8.0148 Å, β = 64,153°, C2, Z = 4). Mechanisms are proposed for both the sequential ligand exchange and the self-protonation reactions supported by ab initio quantum-chemical calculations and deuteration experiments as well. The Cu(NH3)(H2O)3MoO4 intermediate transforms into NH4Cu(OH)(H2O)2MoO4, which loses two waters and yields NH4Cu(OH)MoO4. Upon heating, both Cu(NH3)4MoO4 and Cu(NH3)(H2O)3MoO4 decompose, losing three NH3 and three H2O ligands, respectively, and stable Cu(NH3)MoO4 is formed from both. The latter can partially be hydrated in boiling water into NH4Cu(OH)MoO4. This compound can also be prepared in pure form by boiling the saturated aqueous solution of Cu(NH3)4MoO4. All properties of NH4Cu(OH)MoO4 match those of the active photocatalyst described earlier in the literature under the formulas (NH4)2Cu(MoO4)2 and (NH4)2Cu4(NH3)3Mo5O20.
Abstract
Purpose: This study focuses on the effects of high-field (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans on the DNA integrity of human leukocytes in vitro in order to validate the study where ...genotoxic effects were obtained and published by Lee et al.
Materials and methods: The scanning protocol and exposure situation were the same as those used under routine clinical brain MRI scan. Peripheral blood samples from healthy non-smoking male donors were exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced by 3T magnetic resonance imaging equipment for 0, 22, 45, 67, and 89 min during the scanning procedure. Samples of positive control were exposed to ionizing radiation (4 Gy of 60Co-γ). Single breaks of DNA in leukocytes were detected by single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). Chromosome breakage, chromosome loss and micronuclei formations were detected by a micronucleus test (MN). Three independent experiments were performed.
Results: The data of comet tail DNA%, olive tail moment and micronucleus frequency showed no DNA damages due to MRI exposure.
Conclusions: The results of the Comet assay and the micronucleus test indicate that the applied exposure of MRI does not appear to produce breaks in the DNA and has no significant effect on DNA integrity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The African catfish or sharp tooth catfish (
Clarias gariepinus
) is one of the important species (due to its high environmental tolerance and easily controllable breeding habits) that can ...significantly contribute to reducing hunger in many countries. It is farmed in numerous African, Asian, and European countries. Moreover, during the last decades its production has grown significantly worldwide. Currently, following the carp, this species is produced in the second largest volume in Hungary. Despite its economic importance, the stocks have been maintained without genetic control or guided breeding. Molecular genetic data on bred populations or strains are very limited. In order to investigate the genetic structure of the stocks, 49 new microsatellite markers were characterized and tested on 32 individuals from a Hungarian farmed stock. All these markers were polymorph. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11. The observed and expected overall heterozygosities were between 0.519 and 0.544 respectively and the overall inbreeding coefficient (Fis: 0.063) does not reveal the presence of inbreeding. However, 63% of the markers showed significant deviations from HWE. The results suggest that the maintenance of genetic variation within the stock require high attention in closed bred populations. These new markers provide a useful tool for population and conservation genetics of natural and bred African catfish populations.
The Eurasian perch (
Perca fluviatilis
Linnaeus, 1758) is native to almost entire Eurasia. For over the last two decades, this species became an important candidate for intensive freshwater ...aquaculture due to its high consumer’s acceptance and overall market value. Hence, the intensive production of Eurasian perch has increased considerably allowing effective domestication; there is still a need for the development of effective selective breeding programmes allowing its further expansion. This process, in turn, can be significantly facilitated by molecular genetics. The genetic information of Eurasian perch and its populations is limited. Up to date information of regarding genetic diversity of many populations is still missing, including microsatellites for Eurasian perch, which could be useful during the selective breeding programmes allowing parental assignment and/or to follow heritability of desired traits. In this study, we have developed and characterized new polymorphic microsatellites. Subsequently, those 12 markers have been used further to compare two Hungarian and one Polish Eurasian perch populations. The Hungarian stocks had high genetic similarity (with low diversity), as we assumed, while the Polish population differed significantly. All populations deviated significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and heterozygote deficiency was detected in all, showing the presence of an anthropogenic effect.
Pikeperch (
Sander lucioperca
) is a native fish species in the European and Asian basin, representing high natural and economical value. However, our information on the genetic background and ...diversity of European populations is still limited, despite of that the production and the number of bread stocks has increased significantly in the last decade. Our aim was to develop new useable species-specific microsatellites and compare genetic diversity of ten pikeperch population from the Danube drainage basin. Thirty-four novel species-specific DNA markers were isolated and seven polymorphic microsatellite markers were selected for the population genetic analysis. The results indicated strong anthropogenic effects among the populations. The
F
ST
estimated by the method of Weir and Cockerham (
1984
) was 0.214, showing moderate genetic difference among the populations. The S
tructure
analysis and the neighbour-joining dendrogram are showing the same result: the ten examined populations aggregate six genetically distinct units. Significant lack of heterozygosity was detected in most of the populations. Presumably, it is indicating the effects of human activities and such as vigorous stocking of natural waters. In addition, the effect was proved that fish stocks involved in pond culture and RAS rearing do not necessarily originated from the geographically closest natural populations.
NH
Cu(OH)MoO
as active photocatalyst in the decomposition of Congo Red when irradiated by UV or visible light has been prepared in an unusual ammonia/water ligand exchange reaction of ...tetraamminecopper(II) molybdate, Cu(NH
)
MoO
. Cu(NH
)
MoO
was subjected to moisture of open air at room temperature. Light blue orthorhombic Cu(NH
)(H
O)
MoO
was formed in 2 days as a result of an unexpected solid/gas phase ammonia-water ligand exchange reaction. This complex does not lose its last ammonia ligand on further standing in open air; however, a slow quasi-intramolecular (self)-protonation reaction takes place in 2-4 weeks, producing a yellowish-green microcrystalline material, which has been identified as a new compound, NH
Cu(OH)MoO
, ( a = 10,5306 Å, b = 6.0871 Å, c = 8.0148 Å, β = 64,153°, C2, Z = 4). Mechanisms are proposed for both the sequential ligand exchange and the self-protonation reactions supported by ab initio quantum-chemical calculations and deuteration experiments as well. The Cu(NH
)(H
O)
MoO
intermediate transforms into NH
Cu(OH)(H
O)
MoO
, which loses two waters and yields NH
Cu(OH)MoO
. Upon heating, both Cu(NH
)
MoO
and Cu(NH
)(H
O)
MoO
decompose, losing three NH
and three H
O ligands, respectively, and stable Cu(NH
)MoO
is formed from both. The latter can partially be hydrated in boiling water into NH
Cu(OH)MoO
. This compound can also be prepared in pure form by boiling the saturated aqueous solution of Cu(NH
)
MoO
. All properties of NH
Cu(OH)MoO
match those of the active photocatalyst described earlier in the literature under the formulas (NH
)
Cu(MoO
)
and (NH
)
Cu
(NH
)
Mo
O
.
New, efficient and highly active Rh complexes have heterogenized and applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of (Z)-α-acetamidocinnamic acid and its methyl ester. The prepared catalysts show ...excellent activity and selectivity, similar to the homogeneous analogs and at the same time they show all the advantages of the heterogeneous catalysts: the easy handling, the possibility to filter out from the reaction mixture and to reuse in several subsequent runs.
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