Sustainable improvement and conservation of any genetic resource depend on the assessment of its intra- and inter-population genetic variation. In order to estimate genetic variation in both wild and ...hatchery populations of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed. Analyses of 51 polymorphic loci amplified from genomic DNA by three decamer random primers revealed different degrees of genetic variation in two wild (Bhairab and Rupsha rivers) and hatchery-derived gher (Gher-1 and Gher-2) populations. The proportion of polymorphic loci was found to be higher in wild populations (0.90 and 0.65 for the Bhairab and Rupsha populations, respectively) than the hatchery-derived gher populations (0.29 and 0.16 for Gher-1 and Gher-2, respectively). Likewise, the river populations contained higher levels of gene diversity (0.221 and 0.179 for Bhairab and Rupsha populations, respectively) than the gher populations (0.114 and 0.045 for Gher-1 and Gher-2, respectively). These results suggest reduction of genetic variation and heterozygosity in the hatchery-derived gher populations. Inter-population similarity indices and pairwise genetic distance values showed that variation between the wild or between the gher populations were lower than those between the wild and hatchery populations. On average, 14 loci exhibited significant deviation from homogeneity in wild vs hatchery population pairs, whereas 2 and 3 loci showed heterogeneity in Gher-1 vs Gher-2 and Bhairab vs Rupsha population pairs, respectively. A genetic distance-based UPGMA dendrogram segregated river populations from the gher populations. Our study, therefore, revealed substantial levels of genetic variation between wild and hatchery populations of M. rosenbergii.
While substantial progress has been made in improving water and sanitation services in low- and middle-income countries, aligned basic services such as greywater, stormwater, and solid waste ...management have progressed little in recent decades. Data was collected in Khulna city, Bangladesh via a household survey (n = 192) of low-income areas exploring domestic water use and greywater volumes, characteristics, and disposal practices. Most households (71%) use a piped water supply for domestic purposes, supplemented by seasonal rainwater harvesting (26%) and greywater use (13%). Of the total water used by households (mean: 594 L/household/day and equivalent to 116 L/person/day), approximately 58% becomes greywater through bathing, dishwashing, religious practices, handwashing, laundry, and mopping. Greywater produced ranges from 61-1274 L/household/day, with a mean of 345 L/household/day and equivalent to 78.4 L/person/day. Greywater characteristics vary depending on the activity, individual behaviours and any products used during cooking, bathing, or cleaning. After generation, households dispose greywater to open drains (67%), nearby waterbodies (17%) directly to the ground (9%), or decentralised wastewater treatment system (7%). Without services for greywater management, greywater disposal may have considerable public and environmental health implications, necessitating careful attention and oversight from service-providers and stakeholders beyond the household-level.
•This is the first study reporting household greywater management practices in low-income communities in Bangladesh•Most households (86%) use different water sources for consumptive (drinking) and non-consumptive purposes (other domestic activities)•Our study indicates a greywater return rate of 58%, comparable to the 60% reported in middle-class neighbourhoods in Dhaka•Personal hygiene, cleaning, and religious practices contribute 59%, 29% and 11% respectively to household greywater production•Over 90% of the greywater produced in Khulna is discharged untreated
Knowledge on intra-specific genetic variation of an organism is important for
its genetic improvement and conservation. In order to estimate genetic
variation and relatedness in eleven tropical Sugar ...beet varieties we used
randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The RAPD analysis was
performed using six decamer random primers, which amplified a total of 63 DNA
fragments of which 43 (68.25%) were found polymorphic. The average
polymorphic bands per primer was 7.17 and the overall gene diversity was
0.24. Among the 43 polymorphic loci studied, 2 were specific for 2K 310, 1
for Shubraha, 1 for Natura and 1 for HI-0473 varieties. Pair wise genetic
distance and similarity indices were ranged from 0.12-0.51 and 66.73-92.91,
respectively. Cauvery and 2K 310 were found to be the most distantly related
with a higher genetic distance value (GD = 0.51) and lower similarity index
(SI = 66.73), while Aranka and Serenada were the most closely related with
their lower GD (0.12) and higher SI(92.91) values. In an unweighted pair
group method of arithmetic mean dendrogram constructed on the basis of
genetic distances, the eleven varieties grouped into two main clusters: 2K
310 alone was in one cluster whereas 10 other varieties grouped into a major
cluster. This indicates that 2K 310 was distantly related with each of the
other varieties. Distantly related varieties based on estimated genetic
variation could be selected for future breeding program that could result in
improvement of this crop.
nema
This paper proposes a method to calculate a flight cost of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) considering its change of heading angle though there are many reasons that cause the energy consumption. ...The proposed approach demonstrates that when a UAV moves from a starting position/point to a target/goal position/point, if the number of obstacle increases, the number of heading change would also increase. As a result, it raises the energy consumption of the UAV. It also shows that the magnitude of heading change would affect the energy consumption proportionally. The theoretical analysis as well as the simulation outcome proves the usefulness of the proposed technique.
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