The SuperKEKB e+ e− collider uses highly focused ultra-low emittance bunches colliding every 4 ns to reach a very high luminosity of 8 × 1035cm−2s−1. It is essential to have an orbit feedback system ...at the Interaction Point (IP) to maintain the optimum overlap between the colliding beams in the presence of ground motion disturbances. For the horizontal motion, a luminosity monitoring system, based on measuring the rate of the Bhabha process at vanishing scattering angle, is developed as input signal to the feedback system. The relative precision needed for this monitor is studied in detail, for the different successive stages of luminosity operation, based on a full simulation of this system, including the detector, DAQ, lock-in amplifier, and feedback control.
A beam halo collimator was installed at the Accelerator Test Facility ATF2 in the spring of 2016. The main objective of the collimator is the reduction of background photons that limit the ...performance of key diagnostic devices around the Interaction Point, especially the Shintake Monitor, used for measuring the nanometer level vertical beam sizes, and the vertical and horizontal Diamond Sensors, used for transverse beam halo measurements. In this paper we present the simulations performed to optimize the efficiency of the collimator as well as the wakefield study performed in order to optimize the geometry and material of the collimator jaws. Finally, measurements of the cleaning efficiency and of the collimator induced wakefields impact on the orbit, performed during the Spring and Fall 2016 runs, are presented and compared with simulations.
The Oide effect considers the synchrotron radiation in the final focusing quadrupole, and it sets a lower limit on the vertical beam size at the interaction point, particularly relevant for ...high-energy linear colliders. The theory of the Oide effect was derived considering only the second moment of the radiation in the focusing plane of the magnet. This article addresses the theoretical calculation of the radiation effect on the beam size considering the first and second moments of the radiation and both focusing and defocusing planes of the quadrupole. The effect for a Gaussian beam is referred to as 2D-Oide; however, an alternative beam size figure is given that could represent better the effect on the minimum achievable βy* . The CLIC 3 TeV final quadrupole (QD0) and beam parameters are used to compare the theoretical results from the Oide effect and the 2D-Oide effect with particle tracking in placet. The 2D-Oide effect is demonstrated to be important, as it increases by 17% the contribution to the beam size. Further insight into the aberrations induced by the synchrotron radiation opens the possibility to partially correct the 2D-Oide effect with octupole magnets. A beam size reduction of 4% is achieved in the simplest configuration, using a single octupole.
To demonstrate the final focus schemes of the Future Linear Collider (FLC), the Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) at KEK is devoted to focus the beam to a RMS size of a few tens of nanometers (nm) ...vertically and to provide stability at the nm level at the virtual Interaction Point (IP). However, the loss of halo particles upstream will introduce background to the diagnostic instrument measuring the ultra-small beam, using a laser interferometer monitor. To help the realization of the above goals and beam operation, understanding and mitigation of beam halo are crucial. In this paper, we present the systematical simulation of beam halo formation from beam gas Coulomb scattering (BGS) in the ATF damping ring. The behavior of beam halo with various machine parameters is also discussed.
We report on the early SuperKEKB Phase 2 operations of the fast luminosity monitor (LumiBelle2 project). Fast luminosity monitoring is required by the dithering feedback system, which is used to ...stabilize the beam in the presence of horizontal vibrations. In this report, we focus on the operations related to the electron side of LumiBelle2. Diamond sensors are located 30 meters downstream of the IP, just above, beside, and below the electron beam pipe. During early Phase 2, the sensors are used to measure the background, arising from beam-gas scattering. We present the hardware design, the detection algorithm, and the analysis of the background measurements taken up-to-date. The results are then compared with a detailed simulation of the background, in order to well understand the physical processes involved. The simulation is performed using SAD for generation and tracking purposes, while Geant4 is used to calculate the energy deposition in the diamond sensors.
In circular colliders, as well as in damping rings and synchrotron radiation light sources, beam halo is one of the critical issues limiting the performance as well as potentially causing component ...damage and activation. It is imperative to clearly understand the mechanisms that lead to halo formation and to test the available theoretical models. Elastic beam-gas scattering can drive particles to large oscillation amplitudes and be a potential source of beam halo. In this paper, numerical estimation and Monte Carlo simulations of this process at the ATF of KEK are presented. Experimental measurements of beam halo in the ATF2 beam line using a diamond sensor detector are also described, which clearly demonstrate the influence of the beam-gas scattering process on the transverse halo distribution.
In this paper, the linear and second order optics corrections for the KEK Accelerator Test Facility (ATF2) final focus beam line are described. The beam optics of the ATF2 beam line is designed based ...on a local chromaticity correction scheme similar to the ILC final focus system. Beam measurements in 2012 revealed skew sextupole field errors that were much larger than expected from magnetic field measurements. The skew sextupole field error was a critical limitation of the beam size at the ATF2 virtual interaction point (IP). Therefore, four skew sextupole magnets were installed to correct the field error in August 2012. By using the four skew sextupole magnets, the predicted tolerances of the skew sextupole field errors of the ATF2 magnets were increased. Furthermore, analyzing field maps of the sextupole magnets identified the source of the skew sextupole field error. After the field error source was removed, the IP vertical beam size could more easily be focused to less than 65 nm.
SuperKEKB is a very high luminositye+e−collider consisting of a low energy ring (LER) of positrons of 4 GeV and a high energy ring (HER) of electrons of 7 GeV. The high luminosity will be achieved ...thanks to the nanobeam scheme, where very strongly focused beams (σy=60nm) will collide at a large crossing angle of 83 mrad. To maintain high luminosity operation, fast luminosity monitoring is essential in the presence of dynamic instabilities, for feedback and optimization. Fast luminosity monitors consisting of a single crystalline diamond sensor (LAL), a Cherenkov and scintillator detector (KEK) were placed in both rings downstream of the IP (interaction point) to measure the signal from the radiative Bhabha process at zero photon scattering angle (σ≈200mbarn). During single beam commissioning of SuperKEKB, the fast luminosity monitors were used as beam loss monitors to measure the single beam losses (beam-gas bremsstrahlung, Touschek scattering, Coulomb scattering). In this paper, a detailed description of the experimental setup, the data acquisition scheme, the data analysis and the comparison with the simulation for the diamond sensors, will be reported.
The Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) commissioning group aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the beam delivery system of the next linear colliders (ILC and CLIC) as well as to define and to test ...the tuning methods. As the design vertical beam sizes of the linear colliders are about few nanometers, the stability of the trajectory as well as the control of the aberrations are very critical. ATF2 commissioning started in December 2008, and thanks to submicron resolution beam position monitors (BPMs), it has been possible to measure the beam position fluctuation along the final focus of ATF2 during the 2009 runs. The optics was not the nominal one yet, with a lower focusing to make the tuning easier. In this paper, a method to measure the noise of each BPM every pulse, in a model-independent way, will be presented. A method to reconstruct the trajectory’s fluctuations is developed which uses the previously determined BPM resolution. As this reconstruction provides a measurement of the beam energy fluctuations, it was also possible to measure the horizontal and vertical dispersion function at each BPMs parasitically. The spatial and angular dispersions can be fitted from these measurements with uncertainties comparable with usual measurements.
The Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) aims to test the novel chromaticity correction scheme which is implemented in the final focus systems of future linear colliders such as the International ...Linear Collider (ILC) and the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). The ATF2 nominal and ultralow β* lattices are designed to vertically focus the beam at the focal point, or usually referred to as interaction point (IP), down to 37 and 23 nm, respectively. The vertical chromaticities of the nominal and ultralow β* lattices are comparable to those of ILC and CLIC, respectively. When the measured multipole components of the ATF2 magnets are considered in the simulations, the evaluated spot sizes at the IP are well above the design values. In this paper we describe the analysis of the high order aberrations that allows identifying the sources of the observed beam size growth. In order to recover the design spot sizes three solutions are considered, namely final doublet replacement, octupole insertion, and optics modification. Concerning the future linear collider projects, the consequences of magnetic field errors of the focusing quadrupole magnet of the final doublet are also addressed.
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