The paper presents the results of comparative wearing of cultivator hoes protected with two different materials with regard to the lifespan of the blades. During the operation of the hoes outside the ...track of the tractor wheels with protected blades of materials M1 and M2, equal wear of mass and surface was recorded. The hoes lost an average of 0,563 g/ha cultivated area or an average of 119,46 g with a standard deviation of 2,876 when working with both blades in compacted soil (in the tracks of tractor wheels) protected by M1 material. For hoes protected by M2 material, the average loss was 0,566 g/ha of cultivated area or an average of 120,10 g for the research period with a standard deviation of 4,609. Both materials in the most difficult working conditions showed equal resistance to wear and retention of the initial shape of the hoe.
Maize is the most represented grain crop on the world’s arable land. It is mostly grown using standard sowing at an inter-row distance of 70 cm. However, growing in two rows (double-row sowing) is ...increasingly common today. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of different spatial distributions of the same population of maize plants on the yield of maize grains in a larger range of the FAO maize hybrid maturing group. The experiment lasted 5 years and was set up at two locations in Jakšić (Požeško-Slavonia County) and Lužani (Brodsko-Posavina County). Maize sowing with standard sowing was carried out with a PSK OLT seed drill with an inter-row spacing of 70 cm, while double-row sowing was carried out with a MaterMacc Twin Row-2 seed drill in two rows spaced 22 cm apart in a zigzag arrangement and 48 cm apart between adjacent sowing furrows. In the experiment, a total of three types of maize hybrids were used: H1-Kashmir (FAO 390 maturing group), H2-Kapitolis (FAO 400 maturing group) and H3-Konfites (FAO 450 maturing group). With standard maize sowing, an average set of plants was achieved: 71,946 plants ha−1 (Kashmir), 71,714 plants ha−1 (Kapitolis) and 72,205 plants ha−1 (Konfites), while the double-row sowing achieved a set of plants of 72,166 plants ha−1, 72,104 plants ha−1 and 72,576 plants ha−1. The two-row sowing of the hybrid Kapitolis and Konfites recorded a statistically significant higher set of maize plants. The yield of maize grains in all three types of the hybrid was statistically and significantly higher by 943 kg ha−1 using two-row sowing, and the highest yield was achieved by the Kashmir hybrid (13,406 kg ha−1).
U radu su prikazani rezultati prinosa zrna kukuruza pri različitim sustavima sjetve u 2021. godini na pokušalištu Tenja Fakulteta agrobiotehničkih znanosti Osijek. Zasijano je pet hibrida u udvojene ...redove na razmak od 22 cm (twin row) te na standardni način s razmakom redova od 70 cm. U standardnoj sjetvi kod hibrida H2 ostvaren je najveći prosječni prinos zrna od 13 610 kg ha-1, dok je u sjetvi u udvojene redove zabilježen prinos od 14 927 kg ha-1 ili +1317 kg više (9,67 %). Najniži prinos zrna u standardnoj sjetvi zabilježen je kod hibrida H1 od 11 088 kg ha-1. Isti hibrid u sjetvi u udvojene redove ostvario je prinos zrna od 12 496 kg ha-1 što predstavlja povećanje za +12,70 % ili +1410 kg ha-1. Kod hibrida H3 u udvojenim redovima zabilježen je prinos od 12 748 kg ha-1 što je povećanje u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu od +1676 kg ha-1 ili 15,14 %. Hibrid H4 u standardnoj sjetvi ostvario je prinos zrna od 12 088 kg ha-1 što je manje u odnosu na sjetvu u udvojene redove od -1499 kg ha-1 ili 12,40 %. Prosječno povećanje prinosa zrna kod udvojenih redova za svih 5 hibrida iznosi 12,51 % (1504,40 kg ha-1). Analizom varijance utvrđeno je da postoji visoka signifikantnost između čimbenika „hibridi“ i „način sjetve“ na prinos zrna kao i na masu zrna po klipu. Navedeni čimbenici nisu statistički značajno djelovali na ostvarenje sklopa u sjetvi. Razlike u vlažnosti zrna također su statistički značajno potvrđeni samo kod čimbenika „hibridi”
The paper presents the results of maize grain yield with different sowing systems in 2021 at the Tenja trial site of the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek. Five hybrids were sown in double rows (twin row) at a distance of 22 cm, and in the standard way with a row distance of 70 cm. In standard sowing, hybrid H2 achieved the highest average grain yield kg ha-1 (13 610), while in twin row sowing, a yield of 14 927 kg ha-1 or +1317 kg more (9,67 %) was recorded. The lowest grain yield in standard sowing was recorded at hybrid H1 of 11,088 kg ha-1. The same hybrid, when sown in twin rows, achieved a grain yield of 12 496 kg ha-1, which represents an increase of +12,70 % or +1410 kg ha-1. With hybrid H3 in twin rows, a yield of 12 748 kg ha-1 was recorded, which is an increase compared to standard sowing of +1676 kg ha-1 or 15,14 %. Hybrid H4 in standard sowing achieved a grain yield of 12,088 kg ha-1, which is less compared to sowing in twin rows of -1499 kg ha-1 or 12,40 %. The average yield increase in twin row sowing for all 5 hybrids is 12,51 % (1504 kg ha-1). Analysis of variance revealed that there is a high significance between the factors "hybrids" and "sowing method" on grain yield as well as grain weight per cob. The mentioned factors did not have a statistically significant effect on the realization of the set of plants in sowing. Differences in grain moisture were also statistically significant only with the factor "hybrids".
The simulation results of sunflower seeding in the laboratory with seed plates from 12 to 36 holes at working speeds from 4 to 10 km/h are presented. At a working speed of 6 km/h, the seed plate n = ...12 with a rotational speed of 0.652 m/s achieved an average seeding spacing of 23.26 cm. At this rotational speed, the plate achieved a QFI of 89.15. The seed plate n = 36 with a rotational speed of 0.217 m/s achieved an average spacing of 21.76 cm with a QFI index of 98.45. At a working speed of 10 km/h, the seeding machine achieved an average spacing of 23.87 cm with a seed plate n = 12. The same seed plate achieved a rotational speed of 1.812 m/s. The seed plate n = 36 with a rotational speed of 0.602 m/s recorded an average spacing in the seeding simulation of 22.52 cm.
The simulation results of popcorn maize seeding in the laboratory at a theoretical spacing of 20.993 cm with vacuum plates with 18, 22, 27, 31, 33, 36, and 44 holes at working speeds of 4, 6, 8, and ...10 km/h are presented. At a working speed of 6 km/h, the vacuum plate n = 18 with a peripheral speed of 0.223 m/s achieved an average seeding spacing of 21.518 cm, with a reduction of 1 650/ha plants. At this peripheral speed, the plate achieved a QFI of 97.19 with Prec. index (CVm) of 13.108. The vacuum plate n = 44 at the lowest acceptable speed of the seeding machine with a peripheral speed of 0.091 m/s achieved an average spacing of 20.816 cm with a QFI index of 98.63 while Prec. index (CVm) was 8.397. By increasing the working speed of 10 km/h, the listed vacuum plate achieved an average spacing of 20.935 cm, and an increase in seeding was recorded for 187 plants/ha where the achieved value of QFI index was 97.31 while the value of Prec. index (CVm) was 14.041. The choice of vacuum plate, as well as the speed of work had a statistically significant effect on the set of plants and the seeding spacing. The obtained results of vacuum plates n = 22, 27, 31, 33 and n = 36 are within the limit values of vacuum plates n = 18 and n = 44.
U radu su prikazani rezultati prinosa zrna (kg ha-1) pri standardnoj sjetvi hibrida kukuruza i sjetvi u udvojene redove/sjetva u trake (engl. twin row sowing). Istraživanja su provedena od 2016. do ...2018. godine na pokušalištu Fakulteta agrobiotehničkih znanosti, pokraj mjesta Tenja (45°31’1,83” s. z. š.; 18°46›37,5» i. z. d.). Na standardni sustav sjetve s razmakom redova od 70 cm sjetvom i sjetvom u udvojene redove s razmakom od 22 cm posijani su hibridi FAO grupa dozrijevanja: H1 = FAO 290, H2 = FAO 380, H3 = FAO 410, H4 = FAO 450 i H5 = FAO 590. U standardnoj sjetvi hibrid H1 ostvario je prosječni prinos od 11.450 kg ha-1, a sjetvom u udvojene redove 12.243 kg ha-1 zrna, odnosno 3,77-9,66% više od standardne sjetve, ovisno o godini uzgoja. Hibrid H2 sjetvom u udvojene redove ostvario je veći prinos za 6,46 do 10,97% u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu. Hibrid H3 u standardnoj sjetvi ostvario je prosječni prinos od 11.731 kg ha-1, a kod sjetve u udvojene redove 12.763 kg ha-1 (veći prinos zrna za 3,45-9,95%). Najveća razlika u prinosa zrna između sustava sjetve utvrđena je 2018. godine kod hibrida H4, koji je ostvario veći prinos sjetvom u udvojene redove, za 11,72%. Kod hibrida H5 utvrđene su najmanje razlike u prinosu zrna s obzirom na sustav sjetve, pa je u 2018. godina sjetva u trake ostvarila manji prinos za 0,59% s obzirom na standardnu sjetvu.
In this paper, the results of maize grain yield (kg ha-1) sown in standard and twin row technology are shown. The research has been conducted at the experimental field of Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, near location of Tenja (45°31’1.83” N 18°46’3.5” E) in the period 2016-2018. Maize hybrids H1 = FAO 290, H2 = FAO 380, H3 = FAO 410, H4 = FAO 450 and H5 = FAO 590 were sown using standard sowing (row spacing at 70 cm) and twin row sowing (22 cm spacing between double rows). In standard sowing, hybrid H1 had the highest grain yield of 11,450 kg ha-1, whereas in twin row sowing it had 12,243 kg ha-1, which was higher by 3.77-9.66% than the standard, depending on the cultivation year. Hybrid H2 in twin row sowing had grain yield 6.46-10.97% greater than standard sowing. Hybrid H3 in standard sowing had average grain yield of 11,731 kg ha-1, whereas in twin row sowing, it was 12,763 kg ha-1 (greater by 3.45-9.95%). The highest grain yield difference between sowing technologies has been observed at H4 hybrid, with 11.72% greater yield at twin row sowing. At hybrid H5, the smallest differences were observed between sowing technologies, so in 2018, twin row sowing produced a lower yield by 0.59% relative to standard sowing.
The research results of the spraying technical factors' impact on ground and air drift, and the deposit on the treetop in cherry orchards, are presented in the paper. Two different spraying systems ...(classical and sensory system) are investigated, Agromehanika AGP 200 ENU sprayer being used. The research is conducted according to ISO standard 22866 (Plant Protection Equipment - Drift Measurement Methods in Field Conditions). The impact of spraying norm as factor A (A1--250 l/ha; A.sub.2--200 l/ha); the nozzle type as factor B (B.sub.1--Lechler TR 8002 C; B.sub.2--Lechler ITR 8002 C) and the fan air velocity as factor C (C.sub.1--18 m/s; C.sub.2--12 m/s) are examined by the variance analysis. To spray and evaluate the drift, Tartazine organic dye solution with 4% concentration is used. The filter papers, used as collectors, according to the specified ISO standard, are placed directly in the spraying zone. The sampled filter papers are washed out with 10 ml of deionised water under laboratory conditions. After washing, the colour intensity, i.e., the solution wave-length, is read by a spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 50 UV-Visible). Different drift intensity (ground and air drift) and treetop deposits are realized by the usage of various treatments of technical spraying factors and various spraying systems. Unlike the ground and air drifts, the deposit within the treetop does not show statistically significant change by using a sensory spraying system, i.e. by using a selective application.
U radu je prikazan utjecaj dvaju različitih sustava raspršivanja (klasičnoga i senzorskog) pomoću raspršivača Tifone Vento 1500, s različito podešenim tehničkim čimbenicima raspršivanja, na zemljišno ...i zračno zanošenje tekućine te depozit u krošnji. Istraživanje je obavljeno prema ISO normi 22866:2005 u nasadu višnje. Analizom varijance ispitan je utjecaj norme raspršivanja kao čimbenik A (A1 - 250 l ha-1; A2 - 200 l ha-1), tip mlaznica kao čimbenik B (B1 - Lechler TR 8002C; B2 - Lechler ITR 8002C) i brzina zračne struje ventilatora kao čimbenik C (C1 - 18 m s-1; C2 - 12 m s-1). Raspršivanje je obavljeno sa 4-postotnom otopinom organske boje Tartrazine, a filter-papirićima je prikupljena zanesena tekućina. Optimalizacijom tehničkih čimbenika raspršivanja ostvaruje se maksimalno smanjenje od 36,59% za zemljišno zanošenje te 75,05% za zračno zanošenje na 5 m udaljenosti od tretiranoga reda. Eksploatacijom ultrazvučnoga senzorskog sustava za selektivnu aplikaciju zemljišno zanošenje smanjuje se za 43,35%. U ovome slučaju zračno zanošenje na 5 m udaljenosti od tretiranoga reda smanjuje se za 66,57% te 79,61% na udaljenosti od 10 m. Maksimalno reduciranje zračnoga zanošenja na 10 m ostvareno je uporabom ITR mlaznica analizirajući oba sustava raspršivanja. Eksploatacija ultrazvučnoga senzorskog sustava nije negativno utjecala na depozit u krošnji jer iz dobivenih rezultata nije zabilježena značajna razlika između dvaju sustava raspršivanja (0,5%). Opremanje konvencionalnih raspršivača naprednim sustavima za selektivnu aplikaciju značajno doprinosi preciznosti nanošenja sredstva za zaštitu bilja, a time i smanjenju negativnoga utjecaja na okoliš.
The paper presents the results of maize grain yield with different sowing systems in 2021 at the Tenja trial site of the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek. Five hybrids were sown in double ...rows (twin row) at a distance of 22 cm, and in the standard way with a row distance of 70 cm. In standard sowing, hybrid H2 achieved the highest average grain yield kg ha-1 (13 610), while in twin row sowing, a yield of 14 927 kg ha-1 or +1317 kg more (9,67 %) was recorded. The lowest grain yield in standard sowing was recorded at hybrid H1 of 11,088 kg ha-1. The same hybrid, when sown in twin rows, achieved a grain yield of 12 496 kg ha-1, which represents an increase of +12,70 % or +1410 kg ha-1. With hybrid H3 in twin rows, a yield of 12 748 kg ha-1 was recorded, which is an increase compared to standard sowing of +1676 kg ha-1 or 15,14 %. Hybrid H4 in standard sowing achieved a grain yield of 12,088 kg ha-1, which is less compared to sowing in twin rows of -1499 kg ha-1 or 12,40 %. The average yield increase in twin row sowing for all 5 hybrids is 12,51 % (1504 kg ha-1). Analysis of variance revealed that there is a high significance between the factors "hybrids" and "sowing method" on grain yield as well as grain weight per cob. The mentioned factors did not have a statistically significant effect on the realization of the set of plants in sowing. Differences in grain moisture were also statistically significant only with the factor "hybrids"
The three–year trials of the impact of the planting technology on the maize yield were carried out at the trial sites Jakšić and Tenja. The KWS Intelligens and KWS Kollegas hybrids were used in the ...research, planted at a standard row spacing of 70 cm, and in the twin rows with a spacing of 48 × 22 cm. In 2020, the highest average grain yield at the site Jakšić in standard planting, with the KWS Intelligens hybrid, was 12.064 t ha–1, and in the twin row planting an increase in yield of +4.17% was recorded. The KWS Kollegas hybrid had the highest difference in grain yield between a standard and twin row planting in 2021 of +7.52%, in favor of the twin row. At the site Tenja, slightly higher grain yields were recorded in all three years of research. The major difference in yield was recorded in 2020 with the hybrid KWS Kollegas, of +8.22%, or 1.115 t more grain, when planting in the twin rows in comparison with a standard planting. The statistical tests indicate that planting in the twin rows at both trial sites obtained statistically significant results in all three years of research concerning the grain yield ha–1, grain weight per ear, and grain moisture content.
Trogodišnja istraživanja utjecaja načina sjetve na prinos zrna kukuruza ( t ha–1) provedena su na pokušalištima Jakšić i Tenja. Hibridi KWS Inteligens i KWS Kollegas, koji su korišteni u istraživanja , posijani su u redove s razmakom od 70 cm te u udvojene redove s razmakom od 48 × 22 cm. Najviši prosječan prinos zrna, od 12 064 kg/ha, utvrđen je 2020. godine na pokušalištu Jakšić u standardnoj sjetvi hibrida KWS Inteligens, a u sustavu udvojenih redova zabilježeno je povećanje prinosa od + 4,17%. Kod hibrida KWS Kollegas najveća je razlika u prinosu zrna, od + 7,52 %, ostvarena 2021. godine između standardne sjetve i sjetve u udvojene redove . Na pokušalištu Tenja zabilježeni su u sve tri godine istraživanja nešto veći prosječni prinosi zrna ha–1. Najveća razlika u prinosima, od + 8,22% ili 1115 kg zrna, zabilježena je 2020. godine kod hibrida KWS Kollegas pri sjetvi u udvojene redove. LSD0,05 test istraživanja „skupno“ ukazuje da je sjetva u udvojene redove na oba pokušališta polučila statistički značajne rezultate u sve tri godine istraživanja s obzirom na prinos zrna ha–1 te masu zrna po klipu, kao i sadržaj vlage u zrnu.
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