Aim: To study the effect of soil incubation with organics on rhizosphere and bulk soil properties, biomass and alkaloid content of Withania somnifera as well as plant performance in soil of ...subtropical and intermediate zones of Jammu division. Methodology: The pot experiment of Withania somnifera consisted of 11 treatments laid in randomized block design in triplicate. Sampling was done at various days of soil incubation with organics viz. 30, 60, 120 and 180. The plant performance was studied at vegetative and seed maturity stages. In field experiment, the plant performance was studied in soils of subtropical and intermediate zones of Jammu division. Results: The soil properties, root and alkaloid content were found to be maximum in PSB + Azospirillum +Azotobacter + F.Y.M 20t ha-1 + Vermicompost 5t ha-1 treatment.? The?? effect of organics on rhizosphere? and bulk soil properties at days of? soil incubation yielded superior results with respect to soil health, biomass and? alkaloid content in Withania somnifera. Interpretation: The study indicated that soils of Jammu division is well suited for the cultivation of W. somnifera. The study provided framework to develop integrated plant nutrient management strategies in the subtropical region of this high value crop.
The measurement of the production of charm jets, identified by the presence of a D$^{0}$ meson in the jet constituents, is presented in proton–proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $ ...\sqrt{s} $ = 5.02 and 13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The D$^{0}$ mesons were reconstructed from their hadronic decay D$^{0}$ → K$^{−}$π$^{+}$ and the respective charge conjugate. Jets were reconstructed from D$^{0}$-meson candidates and charged particles using the anti-k$_{T}$ algorithm, in the jet transverse momentum range 5 < p$_{T,chjet}$< 50 GeV/c, pseudorapidity |η$_{jet}$| < 0.9 − R, and with the jet resolution parameters R = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6. The distribution of the jet momentum fraction carried by a D$^{0}$ meson along the jet axis $ \left({z}_{\Big\Vert}^{\textrm{ch}}\right) $ was measured in the range 0.4 <$ {z}_{\Big\Vert}^{\textrm{ch}} $< 1.0 in four ranges of the jet transverse momentum. Comparisons of results for different collision energies and jet resolution parameters are also presented. The measurements are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo event generators based on leading-order and next-to-leading-order perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. A generally good description of the main features of the data is obtained in spite of a few discrepancies at low p$_{T,chjet}$. Measurements were also done for R = 0.3 at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 5.02 and are shown along with their comparisons to theoretical predictions in an appendix to this paper.graphic not available: see fulltext
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes bean anthracnose and it is rated among the top 10 important diseases infecting beans. Currently our knowledge on ...molecular mechanisms underlying C. lindemuthianum pathogenesis is limited. About five pathogenicity genes have been identified in C. lindemuthianum using Restricted Enzyme Mediated Integration and the transformation using Agroinfection has not been optimized. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to optimize the key parameters affecting the Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation for C. lindemuthianum. The transformation efficiency increased with increase in spore concentration and co‐cultivation time. However, the optimum conditions that yielded significant number of transformants were 106 ml−1 spore concentration, co‐cultivation time of 72 h, incubation at 25°C and using a cellulose membrane filter for the co‐cultivation. The optimized protocol resulted in establishment of large mutant library (2400). A few mutants were melanin deficient and a few were unable to produce conidia. To determine the altered pathogenicity, two new approaches such as detached leaf and twig techniques proved reliable and require fewer resources to screen the large mutant libraries in a short time. Among the 1200 transformants tested for virulence, 90% transformants were pathogenically similar to wild type (race 2047), 96 and 24 were reduced and impaired, respectively. The altered avirulent transformants can prove vital for understanding the missing link between growth and developmental stages of pathogen with virulence. This platform will help to develop strategies to determine the potential pathogenicity genes and to decipher molecular mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions in more detail.
Significance and Impact of the Study: In the present study, we for the first time, report an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation (ATMT) system for a hemibiotrophic fungus, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. This optimized ATMT protocol is versatile and can be used for the functional genetic studies. Insertional mutagenesis studies produce thousands of mutant lines that need to be evaluated for pathogenicity loss and the traditional methods of pathogenicity assay in bean‐anthracnose pathosystem are time consuming and laborious. Hence, we developed a quick and robust screening method that produce consistent results similar to the established bioassay methods. Our optimized ATMT and virulence analysis protocols will prove useful in understanding the bean–anthracnose interface.
Thyrostroma carpophilum, a causal agent of shot hole disease of stone fruits, cause severe loss in economically important fruit crops of Kashmir. Understanding its pathogenesis at molecular level ...will aid in devising a better management strategy. In this study, we optimized Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT) conditions for T. carpophilum using PBIF2-EGFP construct. Using this protocol, we obtained 328 positive transformants per 104 spores and subsequent sub-culturing of transformants on selective and non-selective media resulted in stable T-DNA integration. Southern blot analysis revealed that most of the transformants embodied single T-DNA integration. Using this method, we obtained a small-scale transformant library (2050 transformants). Among this pool, we tested 1005 transformants for their pathogenicity; out of which 185 showed complete pathogenicity loss, 35 displayed reduced virulence and 785 were pathogenically similar to wild type. Out of this experimental stock, three transformants from each category were randomly selected to dissect the infection assay. The findings deciphered that transformants with complete pathogenicity loss failed to penetrate the host tissue and a few transformants failed to sporulate in laboratory. Transformants from reduced category could not form appressorium and occasionally sporulated. Transformants similar to wild type were morphologically and pathogenically similar to wild type because of un-alteration in their modus operandi. Our work provides a new platform to understand the pathogenicity mechanism of T. carpophilum. The optimized ATMT protocol will help in developing large transformant library that can help to identify the virulence arsenals necessary for the pathogen to cause disease.
Display omitted
•We optimized the conditions for Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation for T. carpophilum.•Our standardized ATMT conditions resulted in 328 transformants per 104 spores•Phenotypic evaluation of mutant library showed inability of hundreds of mutants to cause infection•Transformants with complete pathogenicity loss failed to penetrate the host tissue•This is first such in study T. carpophilum and can be explored to understand the pathogenicity mechanism of fungus
Although there is substantial risk to maternal and neonatal health in the situation of pregnancy during treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB), there is little evidence to guide ...clinicians as to how to manage this complexity. Of the 49 680 patients initiated on RR-TB treatment from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa, 47% were women and 80% of them were in their reproductive years (15- 44). There is an urgent need for increased evidence of the safety of RR-TB treatment during pregnancy, increased access to contraception during RR-TB treatment, and inclusion of reproductive health in research on the prevention and treatment of TB. S Afr Med J 2016; 106(4):333-334. DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2016v106i4.10205
Although there is substantial risk to maternal and neonatal health in the situation of pregnancy during treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB), there is little evidence to guide ...clinicians as to how to manage this complexity. Of the 49 680 patients initiated on RR-TB treatment from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa, 47% were women and 80% of them were in their reproductive years (15 - 44). There is an urgent need for increased evidence of the safety of RR-TB treatment during pregnancy, increased access to contraception during RR-TB treatment, and inclusion of reproductive health in research on the prevention and treatment of TB.
Background
Sea buckthorn (
Hippophae
) is in the focus of interest mainly for its positive effects on health of both human and animal organisms. Due to the similarities in vegetative morphology,
...Hippophae
species are often misidentified. Therefore, current study was focused on ITS based sequence characterization of sea buckthorn species and comparative biochemical evaluation for its antioxidant properties.
Methods and results
DNA was extracted from leaf samples. Primer pairs K-Lab-SeaBukRhm-ITS1F1- K-Lab-SeaBukRhm-ITS1R1 and K-LabSeaBukTib- ITSF1- K-LabSeaBukTib-ITSR1 were used for PCR amplification. The purified PCR products were outsourced for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on neighbor-joining (NJ) method. Moreover, comparison of antioxidant potential of leaves of two sea buckthorn species (
Hippophae rhamnoides
and
Hippophae tibetana
) collected from different regions of Ladakh viz., Stakna, Nubra, DRDO Leh and Zanskar was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by phosphomolybdenum assays. The present investigation led to the differentiation of two sea buckthorn species viz.,
H. rhamnoides
and
H. tibetana
based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Moreover, significant variation was observed in antioxidant potential of leaf extracts collected from different regions.
Conclusions
Primary ITS sequence analysis was found to be powerful tool for identification and genetic diversity studies in sea buckthorn. Leaves of sea buckthorn have pronounced antioxidant properties and can be used in food, neutraceuticals and pharmaceutical industries etc. The current study will pave the way to discover small bioactive molecules responsible for antioxidant and anticancer properties in sea buckthorn.
Although there is substantial risk to maternal and neonatal health in the situation of pregnancy during treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB), there is little evidence to guide ...clinicians as to how to manage this complexity. Of the 49 680 patients initiated on RR-TB treatment from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa, 47% were women and 80% of them were in their reproductive years (15 - 44). There is an urgent need for increased evidence of the safety of RR-TB treatment during pregnancy, increased access to contraception during RR-TB treatment, and inclusion of reproductive health in research on the prevention and treatment of TB.
Riboflavin status was surveyed in adults aged 35–64 y in 65 counties (two communes per county) in the People’s Republic of China by erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients (EGRACs), ...by urinary excretion of riboflavin 4 h after the oral administration of 5 mg riboflavin (one commune per county), and by direct measurement of food intake over a 3-d period (one commune per county). EGRAC data were highly correlated between sexes (p less than 0.001) and between neighboring communes within the same county (p less than 0.001) and with riboflavin intake (p less than 0.001). The urinary-riboflavin-load test data were not correlated either with EGRAC or with riboflavin intake. Approximately 90% of the survey subjects were found to be deficient by Western and Chinese reference standards and allowances. Upon reconsideration of the Western experimental data originally used to establish these recommendations, it is suggested that riboflavin allowances are set too high both in China and in Western countries.
PDF
