Execution schedule and 2D drawings are generally used for hazards identification in the construction safety planning process. Planner visualises 2D drawings into a 3D model and mentally links its ...components with the respective activities defined in the schedule to understand the execution sequence in safety planning. Sequence interpretation and accordingly the hazards identification vary with the level of experience, knowledge and individual perspective of the safety planner. Therefore, researchers suggest the use of four dimensional (4D) modelling or building information modelling (BIM) to create the simulation of construction process by linking execution schedule with the 3D model. Both however lack in the features like: generation and updating of schedule, 3D components editing, topography modelling and geospatial analysis within a single platform which is now a major requirement of the construction industry. This work facilitates 4D modelling, geospatial analysis and topography modelling in the development of safe execution sequence by using geographic information systems (GIS), both 3D model along with its surrounding topography and schedule were developed and linked together within the same environment. During safety review process if planned sequence results a hazard situation, it may be corrected within the GIS itself before actual implementation. Paper also discusses the use of GIS in the development of
safety database from which safety information are retrieved and linked with the activities of the schedule or components of a building model
. 4D modelling along with topographical conditions and
safety database in a single environment assist safety planner in examining
what safety measures are required
when,
where and
why. Developed methodology was tested on a real life project in India, lessons learned from the implementation have been discussed in the
potential benefits and limitations section. At last, paper highlights major research areas for further improvements.
Abstract
The utilization of building information modeling (BIM) to support various tasks of building lifecycle management (BLM) has been reported in a range of studies. However, during its lifetime, ...a building is an important part of its immediate surroundings; hence, its lifecycle must not be managed in isolation as a single entity without considering its participation in the immediate surroundings. BLM must consider in what way surroundings influence lifecycle and how a building impacts its surroundings. The use of geographic information system (GIS) has been reported in a range of studies for supporting various tasks of building lifecycle in which BIM is lacking. Understanding the participation of a building in its surroundings is also done by using GIS, however potential use of GIS in the entire lifecycle of a building has not yet been investigated. The review of literature produced a list of application areas of BIM and GIS which may possibly improve existing BLM processes, specifically, the possible ways to consider surroundings, site constraints, locational effects, and services of nearby facilities/utilities. An interactive and collaborative practical framework has been developed by using the main application areas of BIM and GIS seamlessly in various stages of BLM, enabling data reuse in all stages, developing efficient designs and plans, and making sustainable decisions. The developed framework was used for the lifecycle management of the building project taken as a case study. It has been established that the application areas of both BIM and GIS have a coordinated solution to makes BLM a multidisciplinary perspective.
To guarantee high customer service and short and accurate lead times, many e-commerce retailers have started to home deliver their customer orders within a few hours or even minutes, also known as ...quick-commerce order fulfillment. Quick-commerce order fulfillment consists of three main processes: order picking in the warehouse, order batching for delivery, and last-mile delivery. The ultimate delivery performance depends on managing all three processes, which are highly stochastic, and interdependent. We capture this stochasticity and interdependency in an integrated analytical framework and derive approximate analytical expressions for the mean and variance of the total order fulfillment time. We validate the analytical expressions with both in-house detailed process simulations and external-party output measures. We then analyze the delivery cost-service quality trade-offs using an optimization model that minimizes the expected order fulfillment cost with a delivery probability (DP) constraint, focusing on meeting delivery time deadlines. The optimization model determines the number of pickers, the optimal delivery batch size, and the number of vehicles required to deliver the customer orders. Achieving a high delivery reliability comes at a cost. In comparison to the model with DP constraints, we observe that the expected order fulfillment cost averaged over all data parameter settings obtained from the model without DP constraints is 8.9% lower; however, the mean and standard deviation of order fulfillment time increase by 44.1% and 18.6%, respectively, which results in low delivery reliability. We further demonstrate that an integrated analysis of the order fulfillment process is essential to set reliable fulfillment due times.
•Estimate mean and variance of multi-item order picking time in a multi-block warehouse.•Model considers stochasticity in picking, batching, and delivery processes.•Develop an integrated model to estimate the mean and variance of order fulfillment time.•Analyze the cost-service quality trade-off using a non-linear optimization model.•Validate model output with detailed simulations and real company output measures.
Higher educational attainment (EA) is negatively associated with schizophrenia (SZ). However, recent studies found a positive genetic correlation between EA and SZ. We investigate possible causes of ...this counterintuitive finding using genome-wide association study results for EA and SZ (N = 443,581) and a replication cohort (1169 controls; 1067 cases) with deeply phenotyped SZ patients. We find strong genetic dependence between EA and SZ that cannot be explained by chance, linkage disequilibrium, or assortative mating. Instead, several genes seem to have pleiotropic effects on EA and SZ, but without a clear pattern of sign concordance. Using EA as a proxy phenotype, we isolate FOXO6 and SLITRK1 as novel candidate genes for SZ. Our results reveal that current SZ diagnoses aggregate over at least two disease subtypes: one part resembles high intelligence and bipolar disorder (BIP), while the other part is a cognitive disorder that is independent of BIP.
Abstract
The need to modify the conventional type flexible pavement came up because of the rising advancement in the commercial heavy vehicles and day by day increasing vehicle density in the roads. ...This has led to increase in frequent monitoring and regular maintenance work of the flexible pavements. Present paper primarily focuses on two aspects, firstly to increase the life expectancy of the roads and second to build flexible pavement roads sustainably. The use of various modifiers such as plastic, glass, rubber, waste oil and fly ash in conventional pavements were studied and found to provide a way to reduce the use of asphalt and get desired strength of the pavement as per the design requirements in the present study.
Construction activities need space on the jobsite for their execution. Workers, equipment, materials, temporary facilities, and the developing structure share the limited jobsite space during the ...construction period. Multiple types of spaces for different purposes on various locations are required to execute various activities at different times. Hence, space planning helps provide a safe and productive environment. Planners mentally link two-dimensional (2D) drawings and execution schedules to generate dynamic multiple types of space requirements, which is a complex task. Therefore, researchers suggest the use of four-dimensional (4D) modeling and building information modeling (BIM) for space planning. Both simulate the construction process by linking the execution schedule with a three-dimensional (3D) model to visualize the construction sequence in space planning. However, both still lack features such as topography modeling and geospatial analysis, which affect space planning. In this work, 4D geographic information systems (GIS) were used for space planning that facilitates topographic modeling, different types of geospatial analyses, and database management. GIS was also used to generate multiple types of spaces corresponding to various activities. A feature attribute table (FAT) associated with each space describes when, where, and how long that space will be required on the jobsite. GIS-based area topology was implemented through a set of validation rules that define how working areas have to share the jobsite. A GIS-based methodology that enables space planning, time-space conflict identification, and conflict resolution prior to the construction was developed and implemented.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FGGLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Proper stabilization of foundation and subgrade is one of the major concerns in modern civil engineering projects. Development of modern infrastructure is causing harmful effect on ...environment by using chemicals. This situation has caused necessity to discover alternative techniques to achieve desired result without harming environment. Present paper studies use of urea formaldehyde raisin on chemical and physical stability of subgrade. Study was conducted by varying contents of urea formaldehyde by 1%, 3% and 5% and strength, ultimate bearing capacity and other relevant soil strength parameters were determined. At the end, cost benefits analysis was also conducted for the current method with respect to alternate subgrade stabilization techniques.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of differing shapes are of great interest to researchers due to their unique optical properties, making them potentially powerful theranostic tools. The synthesis of AuNPs ...is performed frequently, however the assessment of biological activity for each nanoparticle is not always commonplace. While it is thought that physicochemical parameters such as shape may play an important role in dictating the outcomes of interactions which take place at the nano-bio interface, a systematic approach to the assessment of nanomaterials has not been widely adopted. In this study, the interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and four similar sized but different shaped AuNPs (spherical, rod shaped, prismatic and cubic) synthesised using a common chemical surfactant (CTAB), is presented. Using fluorescence spectroscopy it is shown that all AuNPs exhibit static binding with HSA, however the shape affects both the affinity and strength of the binding. Rod shaped nanoparticles were found to have the highest binding strength and affinity. Conversely, shapes with large flat planar surfaces such as prisms and cubes were shown to have reduced accessibility to the site of the fluorophore within the structure of HSA. The differences observed help to provide a better understanding of the effect of shape on AuNP-protein interactions - knowledge which may be applied to the development of AuNPs for future biological applications.
Diabetic neuropathy Bansal, V; Kalita, J; Misra, U K
Postgraduate Medical Journal,
02/2006, Letnik:
82, Številka:
964
Journal Article, Book Review
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) refers to symptoms and signs of neuropathy in a patient with diabetes in whom other causes of neuropathy have been excluded. Distal symmetrical neuropathy is the commonest ...accounting for 75% DN. Asymmetrical neuropathies may involve cranial nerves, thoracic or limb nerves; are of acute onset resulting from ischaemic infarction of vasa nervosa. Asymmetric neuropathies in diabetic patients should be investigated for entrapment neuropathy. Diabetic amyotrophy, initially considered to result from metabolic changes, and later ischaemia, is now attributed to immunological changes. For diagnosis of DN, symptoms, signs, quantitative sensory testing, nerve conduction study, and autonomic testing are used; and two of these five are recommended for clinical diagnosis. Management of DN includes control of hyperglycaemia, other cardiovascular risk factors; α lipoic acid and L carnitine. For neuropathic pain, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are recommended. The treatment of autonomic neuropathy is symptomatic.
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