Chez l’homme, des données cliniques décrivent une association entre des pathologies hépatiques et des désordres de la fertilité masculine. Plusieurs modèles expérimentaux de cholestase ont permis de ...confirmer ce lien et de souligner un impact sur la physiologie testiculaire. De manière intéressante, une telle corrélation existe aussi bien à l’âge adulte que dans des modèles animaux en période pré-pubertaire. Pour autant, le lien moléculaire pouvant expliquer cette association physiopathologique n’a pas été exploré. L’ensemble des hépatopathies a pour dénominateur commun une augmentation des taux plasmatiques d’acides biliaires et ce dès les stades les plus précoces de la maladie. Dans ce contexte, l’hypothèse de l’impact délétère des acides biliaires sur la fonction reproductrice reste à définir. Notre projet de recherche s’articule autour de l’analyse d’un modèle murin d’atteinte hépatique induite par un régime supplémenté en acide cholique. Nos résultats principaux montrent que : 1) lors d’une exposition pubertaire, l’activation supra-physiologique des signalisations Fxrα conduit à un défaut de maturation sexuelle associé à une altération de la fonction endocrine du testicule ; 2) dans un contexte d’exposition à l’âge adulte, l’activation excessive du récepteur membranaire Tgr5 par les acides biliaires est associées à une hypofertilité. Celle-ci s’accompagne d’une altération de la spermatogenèse consécutive à un détachement progressif de l’épithélium séminifère et à une apoptose spécifique des spermatides ; 3) enfin, nos conclusions démontrent pour la première fois l’impact transgénérationnel de l’exposition aux acides biliaires. Sur deux générations successives, les descendants des mâles adultes nourris par un régime supplémenté en acide cholique présentent des anomalies développementales et métaboliques. Dépendantes de l’action de Tgr5, ces dernières sont attribuées à des altérations de l’épigénome des spermatozoïdes issus des mâles exposés aux acides biliaires. En conclusion, nos données démontrent que, dans des conditions cholestatiques, les acides biliaires altèrent les fonctions de reproduction notamment par leurs impacts sur les fonctions testiculaires. Au regard du nombre croissant de personnes souffrant de troubles hépatiques, ces effets délétères des acides biliaires pourraient contribuer à l’augmentation de l’incidence de l’infertilité masculine. Des molécules agonistes des signalisations FXRα et TGR5 sont aujourd’hui envisagées dans le cadre du traitement de pathologies courantes de notre société. Dans ce contexte, notre étude permettra d’alerter les instances sanitaires quant aux conséquences de l’accès à de tels traitements sur la fertilité et la santé des générations futures.
Clinical data describe an association between liver diseases and disorders of male fertility. Several experimental models of cholestasis have confirmed this link and highlight an impact on testicular physiology. Interestingly, such correlation exists in adult as well as in during pre-pubertal animals. However, the molecular links have not been explored yet. The increase of plasma bile acids levels is a common feature of liver diseases. In this context, the hypothesis of the deleterious impact of bile acids on reproductive function remains to be defined. For that purpose, we used a mouse model of liver injury induced by a diet supplemented with cholic acid. Main results show that: 1) supra-physiological activation of Fxra, during pubertal period, alters endocrine function of the testis and then sexual maturation. 2) during adult age excessive activation of membrane receptor TGR5 by bile acids leads to subfertility. This is associated with impaired spermatogenesis due to a detachment of the seminiferous epithelium and specific apoptosis of spermatids. 3) Finally, we show for the first time the transgenerational impact of bile acid exposure. Two generations of progenies from males exposed to bile acid-diet show developmental and metabolic abnormalities. These effects, mediated by TGR5, are correlated with alterations of the spermatozoa epigenome. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that bile acids affect reproductive functions with impacts on testicular functions. In line with the increasing number of people with liver diseases, the deleterious effects of bile acids may contribute to the incidence of male infertility. Interestingly, agonists of FXRα and TGR5 are now considered in the treatment of several diseases. In this context, our study might alert health authorities regarding the potential consequences of these treatments on fertility and health futures generations.
Background: Liver physiology is sensitive to estrogens, which suggests that the liver might be a target of estrogenic endocrine disrupters (EED). However, the long-term consequences of neonatal ...exposure to EED on liver physiology have rarely been studied. The nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) mediates the deleterious effects of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on male fertility.Objectives: As SHP is involved in liver homeostasis, we aimed to determine whether neonatal estrogenic exposure also affected adult liver physiology through SHP. Male mouse pups were exposed to DES in the first 5 days of life.Results: DES exposure leads to alterations in the postnatal bile acid (BA) synthesis pathway. Neonatal DES-exposure affected adult liver BA metabolism and subsequently triglyceride (TG) homeostasis. The wild-type males neonatally exposed to DES exhibited increased liver weight and altered liver histology in the adult age. The use of deficient male mice revealed that SHP mediates the deleterious effects of DES treatment. These long-term effects of DES were associated with differently timed alterations in the expression of epigenetic factors.Conclusions: However, the molecular mechanisms by which neonatal exposure persist to affect the adult liver physiology remain to be defined. In conclusion, we demonstrate that neonatal DES exposure alters adult hepatic physiology in an SHP-dependent manner.
The bile acid receptor Farnesol-X-Receptor alpha (FRXalpha) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. FRXalpha is expressed in the interstitial compartment of the adult testes, which contain ...the Leydig cells. In adult, short term treatment (12 hours) with FRXalpha agonist inhibits the expression of steroidogenic genes via the induction of the Small heterodimer partner (SHP). However the consequences of FRXalpha activation on testicular pathophysiology have never been evaluated. We demonstrate here that mice fed a diet supplemented with bile acid during pubertal age show increased incidence of infertility. This is associated with altered differentiation and increase apoptosis of germ cells due to lower testosterone levels. At the molecular level, next to the repression of basal steroidogenesis via the induction expression of Shp and Dax-1, two repressors of steroidogenesis, the main action of the BA-FRXalpha signaling is through lowering the Leydig cell sensitivity to the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, the main regulator of testicular endocrine function. In conclusion, BA-FRXalpha signaling is a critical actor during sexual maturation.
In the last decades, studies in rodents have highlighted links between in utero and/or neonatal exposures to molecules that alter endocrine functions and the development of genital tract ...abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and impaired spermatogenesis. Most of these molecules, called endocrine disrupters exert estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities. These data led to the hypothesis of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome which postulates that these disorders are one clinical entity and are linked by epidemiological and pathophysiological relations. Furthermore, infertility has been stated as a risk factor for testicular cancer (TC). The incidence of TC has been increasing over the past decade. Most of testicular germ cell cancers develop through a pre-invasive carcinoma in situ from fetal germ cells (primordial germ cell or gonocyte). During their development, fetal germ cells undergo epigenetic modifications. Interestingly, several lines of evidence have shown that gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms (DNA and histone modifications) plays an important role in normal development as well as in various diseases, including TC. Here we will review chromatin modifications which can affect testicular physiology leading to the development of TC; and highlight potential molecular pathways involved in these alterations in the context of environmental exposures.
Regarding male fertility, biomedical issues have opposite goals to treat infertility or develop contraceptive drugs. Recently, the identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in germ cell ...differentiation suggest that spermiogenesis has to be put at the crossroad to reach these goals.
Concerning fertility issues, citizens in our modern world are schizophrenic. On one side, couples have the possibility to control conception; and on the other side, more and more couples suffer from the misfortune of being infertile. These two societal problems lead to intensive research and conflicting government policies. However, these opposing goals rely on a better understanding of germ cell differentiation.
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