Burimamide, a specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist, is an effective inhibitor of histamine and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the innervated pig stomach.
In a 2-y intervention targeting increased physical activity and healthy eating in primary school children, the adjusted body mass index (BMI) z score was 0.26 units (95% CI: 0.21, 0.32) lower in ...intervention than in control children. Few obesity prevention initiatives in children have undertaken follow-up analyses.
The objective was to determine whether differences in BMI persisted ≈2 y after the cessation of the intervention.
All children who had at least one measurement of height and weight at any time during the study (baseline and years 1 or 2) were invited to participate in follow-up measurements (height and weight).
Five hundred fifty-four of 727 eligible children (76%) participated. Children who refused to participate (n = 14) or had moved from the study area (n = 159) did not differ from the remaining participants in baseline age, sex, or BMI. The mean BMI z score (and 95% CI) remained significantly lower in intervention children at follow-up in the whole group (n = 554; −0.17; −0.25, −0.08) and in the group who underwent at least 1 (n = 389; −0.19; −0.24, −0.13) or 2 (n = 256; −0.21; −0.29, −0.14) full years of intervention. Intervention children were less likely to be overweight, but only in those who were present for the full intervention (n = 256; RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.94).
Despite the main intervention initiative (school-based activity coordinators charged with the responsibility of enhancing physical activity and promoting healthy eating) being discontinued at the end of the intervention, continued benefits to BMI remained apparent in intervention children ≈2 y later.
Background: Developing effective strategies for obesity prevention in children is urgently required.
Objective: We determined the effectiveness of a 2-y controlled community-based intervention to ...prevent excessive weight gain in 5–12-y-old children by enhancing opportunities for healthy eating and noncurricular physical activity.
Design: Children (n = 730) from 4 intervention and 3 control schools underwent measurements of height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, diet, and physical activity at baseline and at 1 and 2 y. Intervention components included nutrition education that targeted reductions in sweetened drinks and increased fruit and vegetable intake and activity coordinators who managed an activity program that focused on noncurricular lifestyle-based activities (eg, community walks).
Results: Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) z score was significantly lower in intervention children than in control children by a mean of 0.09 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.18) after 1 y and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.32) at 2 y, but the prevalence of overweight did not differ. Waist circumference was significantly lower at 2 y (−1 cm), and systolic blood pressure was reduced at 1 y (−2.9 mm Hg). An interaction existed between intervention group and overweight status (P = 0.029), such that mean BMI z score was reduced in normal-weight (−0.29; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.21) but not overweight (−0.02; 95% CI: −0.16, 0.12) intervention children relative to controls. Intervention children consumed fewer carbonated beverages (67% of control intake; P = 0.04) and fruit juice or drinks (70%; P = 0.03) and more fruit (0.8 servings/3 d; P < 0.01).
Conclusion: A relatively simple approach, providing activity coordinators and basic nutrition education in schools, significantly reduces the rate of excessive weight gain in children, although this may be limited to those not initially overweight. This trial was registered at Australian Clinical Trials Registry as #12605000578606.
Somatostatin inhibits colonic ion secretion in animal models and cultured intestinal cell lines via somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and subtype 1, respectively. In a recent in vitro ion transport ...study of the human colon, somatostatin was shown to stimulate short-circuit current, a measure of electrogenic ion transport. In this study we have used the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and measurements of changes in short-circuit current (Isc) in response to receptor subtype-specific analogs of somatostatin, to define the somatostatin receptor subtype responsible for the stimulation of short-circuit current in human colon. Somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2, and 5, but not 3 and 4, were detected in the human colonic epithelium. Measurements of short-circuit current showed somatostatin and octreotide (1 micromol/liter) increased the prostaglandin stimulated short-circuit current by 12.3+/-1 and 11.0+/-1 microA/cm2, respectively. Similarly, analogs selective for somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 (1 micromol/liter) produced an increase of short-circuit current of 11.7+/-1 and 13.2+/-1 microA/cm2, respectively. However, at a concentration (10 nmol/liter) near the EC50, the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 analog increased short-circuit current by 9+/-1 microA/cm2, whereas the receptor subtype 5 analog had no effect. There was no difference in receptor expression or effect of the peptides related to the anatomical site of tissue collection. In conclusion, human colonic mucosa expresses multiple somatostatin receptor subtypes, of which subtype 2 mediates the stimulatory effect of somatostatin on ion transport.
Previous research suggests that academic salaries fall with greater job seniority. Using a 1988 national survey, we find that the return to seniority is positive over a lengthy employment period. ...Tenure status and academic rank also affect the return to seniority
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