Prevention campaign against skin cancer Heinzerling, L M; Dummer, R; Panizzon, R G ...
Dermatology (Basel),
01/2002, Letnik:
205, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The melanoma incidence has increased over recent decades. Educational campaigns aim to encourage protection from the sun and early detection of melanoma.
During a campaign in Switzerland, information ...on risk factors, sun protection and melanoma prevention was distributed. 10987 people completed a questionnaire regarding risk factors, and 2746 people were examined by a dermatologist.
Men had a higher risk as assessed by skin type, ultraviolet exposure, family history, number of moles and sunburns during childhood. Changes in moles were reported significantly more often by people with: (1). a positive family history (p < 0.0001); (2). multiple moles (p < 0.0001), and (3). sunburns during childhood (p < 0.0001). A precancerous or cancerous condition was suspected in 16% of individuals examined.
Early detection of melanoma can be achieved by this type of campaign. Primary prevention is a long-term approach and educational efforts targeting risk groups must be continued.
INTRODUCTION Michael David Barbezat; Anne M. Scott
Fluid Bodies and Bodily Fluids in Premodern Europe,
09/2019
Book Chapter
FLUID BODIES AND Bodily Fluids in Premodern Europe: Bodies, Blood, and Tears in Literature, Theology, and Art is an interdisciplinary collection, containing chapters from specialists in history, art ...history, and literature, dealing with material from the early Middle Ages to the early modern period. The essays focus on discussions regarding the body and how its fluids both signify and explain change. For medieval and early modern thinkers, the apparent solidity of the body only came about through the dynamic inter-play of a host of fluidities in constant flux. The intimately familiar language of the body served as a convenient medium
To determine the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in a subset of a birth cohort of New Zealanders at age 21 and examine the association with risk factors and digestion-related ...symptoms.
Assay of serum collected from members of a longitudinal study during 1993-94 and a survey of risk factors and digestion-related symptoms by interview and questionnaire.
Serum from 785 sample members (413 males, 372 females) of the 950 participating in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) at age 21 was analysed for H. pylori antibodies. Serum samples (n = 579) from the cohort at age 11 collected in 1983 were analysed for those who were seropositive at age 21.
The seroprevalence of H. pylori at age 21 was 4.1% (32/785), with proportionally more males in the seropositive group (chi 2 = 6.7, P < 0.01). Serum samples taken at age 11 were available for 19 of the seropositive group and 74% of these (11 males, three females) were seropositive. The seropositive group at age 21 was no different in the size of their families, but at age 5 contained proportionally more individuals from families of low socioeconomic status (SES) (chi 2 = 6.1, P < 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms, recent use of medications, smoking or alcohol consumption.
The seroprevalence of H. pylori among a birth cohort of 21-year-old New Zealanders is significantly lower than among most populations of about the same age in other countries. Seropositivity is higher in males and among families of lower SES, and is not associated with digestion-related symptoms. The seroconversion rate after age 11 appears to be low.
Recent studies in a cultured model of the intestinal epithelium (HT-29cl.19A) have shown that somatostatin-14 (SS-14) inhibits the Cl- secretory process by acting at multiple G protein-dependent ...sites. These actions may underlie the antidiarrheal properties of SS peptides. This study has investigated the expression of specific SS receptor subtypes (SSTR) in HT-29cl.19A and examined their role in mediating SS antisecretory actions. Two predominant SSTR, SSTR1 and SSTR2, were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of mRNA from polarized HT-29cl.19A monolayers. Receptor binding studies showed evidence of two distinct populations of binding sites consistent with the known properties of SSTR1 and SSTR2. The role of SSTR in inhibition of secretion was investigated by comparing the effectiveness of native and synthetic SS peptides on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent Cl- secretion. Secretion stimulated by the receptor-mediated agonist prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was inhibited > 70% by SS-14 with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 32 nM. In contrast, SMS-201-995 (SMS) and RC-160 exhibited little or no antisecretory activity (maximum inhibition of 15 +/- 1.9 and 2.8 +/- 1.9%, respectively, at 100 microM; EC50 > 1.5 microM). Similar effects on PGE2-stimulated cAMP accumulation were also observed. SS-14, but not SMS, also inhibited secretion stimulated by dibutyryl cAMP, which acts independently of changes in cellular cAMP. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin reversed the antisecretory effects of SS peptides.
In vitro somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of intestinal ion secretion in animal models and cultured human cell lines, providing a rationale for its use in secretory diarrheas. However, the effects ...of somatostatin on ion transport in native human colonic epithelium have not been reported. In this study the effects of somatostatin and octreotide on the basal short-circuit current and the cAMP- and Ca2+-stimulated short-circuit current were studied in isolated human colonic mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. Under basal conditions somatostatin and octreotide (1 micromol/liter) stimulated a small, bumetanide-sensitive increase in short-circuit current. Following stimulation of secretion with prostaglandin E2, somatostatin and octreotide further increased the short-circuit current in a dose dependent fashion (ED50 approximately 10 nmol/liter for both). This stimulation of short-circuit current was not affected by pretreatment of the tissue with basolateral tetrodotoxin (1 micromol/liter) or mucosal amiloride (10 micromol/liter). In contrast, somatostatin and octreotide had no effect when secretion was stimulated with 8-bromo-cAMP, and pretreatment of the tissue with somatostatin and octreotide (0.1 micromol/liter) did not alter the secretory response to carbachol. The absence of any inhibitory effect of somatostatin and octreotide on electrogenic secretion in the human colon may explain the variable results obtained when somatostatin or octreotide are used for the treatment of secretory diarrheas.
Background: Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence increases with age in adult life but spontaneous reversion may occur in childhood and adolescence.
Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori in ...a longitudinal study of New Zealanders at ages 11 and 21.
Methods: Serum from members of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) at age 11 (n=561; 303 males, 258 females) and 21 (n=785; 413 males, 372 females) was tested for H. pylori antibodies. A large proportion of those tested at age 11 was retested at age 21 (n=465; 262 males, 203 females). Serological status was examined in terms of gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and self‐reported use of antibiotics.
Results: The seroprevalence of H. pylori decreased by 38% from 6.6% (37/561) at age 11 to 4.1% (32/785) at age 21. Seroprevalence at age 11 was not associated with gender or SES. For those tested at both ages, the drop in seroprevalence from 6.7% to 4.1% was statistically significant (t=2.57, ρ<0.01, paired t‐test) and was much greater in females (71%) than males (12%). Of the 31 seropositive individuals at age 11, 17 (six males, 11 females) seroreverted and self‐reported antibiotic use in the year preceeding age 21 was more common in females (eight/11) than males (zero/six). Of die 434 seronegative individuals at age 11, only five (four males, one female) had seroconverted at age 21.
Conclusions: Seroprevalence in the DMHDS declined from age 11 to 21 predominantly in females. The decline involved a greater rate of seroreversion and lower rate of seroconversion in females than males.
In a randomized clinical trail to assess acceptability, yields, costs, and unwanted effects of screening procedures, 232 subjects (137 with family history of colorectal carcinoma or adenoma, 95 ...without) were offered either flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Subjects with polyps found on sigmoidoscopy were followed up by colonoscopy. The two procedures were similar in compliance (65%) and yield (19% adenoma, 15% hyperplastic polyps). Polyps of either type were more common in those with a family history (prevalence: 41% compared with 24% without family history, p = 0.04). Costs per procedure were 60% lower for sigmoidoscopy, but follow-up colonoscopy reduced this cost advantage to 20% per subject. The subjects found the preparation for sigmoidoscopy easier, but the procedure more uncomfortable and embarrassing, as colonoscopy was performed under sedation. In this hospital-based study, colonoscopy was as acceptable to subjects, and only slightly more costly than sigmoidoscopy. Advantages of sigmoidoscopy would be greater for use outside hospitals and with less intensive follow up.
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