ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the expansion of social policies in South Korea during the context of globalization, by linking two theoretical approaches: social investment and the New Developmental ...State. Applying the case study method, I endorse the hypothesis of complementarily between the welfare state and the developmental state. The article shows that between the 1990s and the 2010s, South Korea expanded all sectors of social policies analyzed. Beyond the expansion of passive policies, active policies (including education) were reshaped in an integrated manner with the industrial policy to promote innovation, pursuing the transition to the knowledge-based society; also the family policy became one of the most generous among OECD countries.
RESUMO Este artigo analisa a expansão das políticas sociais na Coreia do Sul, durante o contexto da globalização, articulando duas abordagens teóricas: investimento social e Novo Estado desenvolvimentista. Por meio do método de estudo de caso, defende-se a hipótese da complementariedade entre Estado de bem-estar e estado desenvolvimentista. O artigo demonstra que, entre os anos 1990 e os anos 2010, a Coreia do Sul ampliou todos os setores das políticas sociais analisados. Para além da expansão das políticas passivas, as políticas ativas (incluindo a educação) foram reformuladas de forma articulada com a política industrial de fomento à inovação, buscando a transição para a sociedade baseada no conhecimento; além disso, a política familiar tornou-se uma das mais generosas entre os países da OCDE.
Neste artigo, pretende-se refletir sobre a importância do espectador na construção de um processo dialógico com um filme. Para isso, parte-se da aparente necessidade de desconstrução dessa relação ...que, se inicialmente, pode ser vista como duas esferas interseccionadas, aos poucos tende a fundir-se em apenas uma, a ser rompida. Para a realização dessa análise, foi levada em consideração o ponto de partida da arte ou, em outra medida, a visão do artista, para que tais esferas sejam o reflexo de entendimentos subjetivos, mas claros, e para torná-las, de facto, visuais a partir de tanto. Nesse sentido, encontrou-se em Rancière (2008/2010) uma das perspetivas que considera um novo lugar para o espectador, o de “ativo cocriador”, com o poder de subverter as hierarquias estabelecidas e transformar a relação de poder entre a obra e o público. Simultaneamente, Bazin (1958/2014) pensa que o cinema é uma forma de representação da realidade que permite ao espectador experimentar a sensação de estar presente no mundo retratado na tela. Ora, a questão parece encorpa-se, ainda, ao explicitar-se a importância da sensação, do prazer estético, algo defendido por Sontag (1966/2020). Por tudo isso, parece necessário conceitualizar imageticamente as individualidades e como estas podem ser, minimamente e em caráter subversivo às proposições dos autores citados, direcionadas, para que o espectador se torne, de todo, parte do filme e possa sentir-se importante ao se dar conta de que faz parte do resultado: é quando se rompe a esfera final de dentro para fora, possibilitando uma experiência única de liberdade.
Madanin-1 and chimadanin are two small cysteine-free thrombin inhibitors that facilitate blood feeding in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Here, we report a post-translational ...modification-tyrosine sulfation-of these two proteins that is critical for potent anti-thrombotic and anticoagulant activity. Inhibitors produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells displayed heterogeneous sulfation of two tyrosine residues within each of the proteins. One-pot ligation-desulfurization chemistry enabled access to homogeneous samples of all possible sulfated variants of the proteins. Tyrosine sulfation of madanin-1 and chimadanin proved crucial for thrombin inhibitory activity, with the doubly sulfated variants three orders of magnitude more potent than the unmodified inhibitors. The three-dimensional structure of madanin-1 in complex with thrombin revealed a unique mode of inhibition, with the sulfated tyrosine residues binding to the basic exosite II of the protease. The importance of tyrosine sulfation within this family of thrombin inhibitors, together with their unique binding mode, paves the way for the development of anti-thrombotic drug leads based on these privileged scaffolds.
Specific plant associations may decrease (associational resistance, AR) or increase (associational susceptibility, AS) the likelihood of detection by, and/or vulnerability to, herbivores. We discuss ...presumed mechanisms leading to AR and AS, suggest others, and conduct meta-analyses on plant and herbivore traits affecting AR and AS, and the effects of habitat. Specific plant associations determine the likelihood of detection and/or vulnerability of focal plants to herbivores. AS is more likely with insects and AR more likely with mammals. Unpalatable neighbors increase the likelihood of AR. An herbivore's feeding guild, diet breadth, and habitat type do not influence the likelihood of AR or AS. The effectiveness of AR in reducing herbivore abundance is independent of whether neighboring plants are within a plot of focal crops or along the edge of a plot. AR and AS may be applicable to associations among herbivores, and may be appropriately studied from a landscape perspective.
The series-connected offshore wind farm is an emerging configuration where the wind energy conversion units are connected in series through the dc terminals of their converters. It allows reaching ...high-voltage levels without need an offshore substation with a bulky step-up transformer and a huge rectifier in an offshore substation. On the receiving-side of the dc transmission, in the onshore substation, a modular multilevel converter is used to control the voltage or current of the dc link before injecting the energy supplied by the wind farm into the mains. Regardless of the control strategy, there are two main issued: overvoltage at the output dc terminals of the generating units and overcurrents in the parallel connected arrays of generating units. In this work, a new droop control strategy is proposed for the studied system, in order to keep the currents in the arrays balanced. Results of digital simulations performed with PSCAD/EMTDC software are used to validate the proposed control strategy and demonstrate the performance of the system.
Native chemical ligation followed by desulfurization is a powerful strategy for the assembly of proteins. Here we describe the development of a high-yielding, one-pot ligation−desulfurization ...protocol that uses trifluoroethanethiol (TFET) as a novel thiol additive. The synthetic utility of this TFET-enabled methodology is demonstrated by the efficient multi-step one-pot syntheses of two tick-derived proteins, chimadanin and madanin-1, without the need for any intermediary purification.
Abstract Background Monotherapy to treat obesity‐associated liver insult is limited. Objectives In diet‐induced obese mice showing metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), we ...aimed to compare the combinations of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i, empagliflozin, E), dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor (DPP4i, linagliptin, L), and glucagon‐like peptide type 1 receptor agonist (GLP1RA, dulaglutide, D). Methods Male 3‐month‐old C57BL/6J mice were fed for 12 weeks in a control (C, n = 10) or high‐fat (HF, n = 30) diet. Then, mice were followed for three additional weeks: C, HF, HF E + L, and HF E + D ( n = 10/group). Results HF versus C showed higher hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG, +82%), steatosis (+850%), glucose intolerance (+71%), insulin (+98%), and insulin resistance (+68%). Compared to the HF group, HF E + L showed lower glucose intolerance (−60%), insulin (−61%), insulin resistance (−46%), TAG (−61%), and steatosis (−58%), and HF E + D showed lower glucose intolerance (−71%), insulin (−58%), insulin resistance (−62%), TAG (−61%), and steatosis (−82%). The principal component analysis (PCA) placed the HF group and the HF E + D group on opposite sides, while the HF E + L group was placed between C and HF E + D. Conclusion PCA separated the groups considering the metabolism‐related genes (glucose and lipid), mitochondrial biogenesis, and steatosis. The two pharmacological combinations showed beneficial effects in treating obesity and MASLD. However, the combination of SGLT2i and GLP1RA showed more potent beneficial effects on MASLD than SGLT2i and DPP4i and, therefore, should be the recommended combination.
Obesity is related to several organs, but the liver is particularly affected. Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor and regulator of liver lipid ...dysfunction and glucose metabolism. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase regulating cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immunity. Together, these pathways are involved in obesity, insulin resistance, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression, and autophagy. During energy demand, liver kinase B (LKB) phosphorylation helps activate the AMPK/mTOR pathways. Likewise, the protein forkhead box O family (FOXO) negatively regulates adipogenesis by binding to the promoter sites of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator 1‐alpha, initiating adipogenesis. In addition, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, which regulates de novo lipogenesis, is linked to LKB and FOXO in developing NAFLD. The kinase complex, consisting of Unc‐51‐like autophagy‐activating kinase 1 or 2 (ULK1, ULK2) by stimulating autophagy, and eliminating fat droplets in NAFLD, is regulated by mTORC1 and negatively regulated by AMPK that suppresses liver lipogenesis and increases fatty acid oxidation. Also, ULK1 is essential for initiating phagophore formation, establishing macrophagy, and generating autophagosomes. The selective breakdown of lipid droplets through macroautophagy, or macrolipophagy, occurs on a cellular energy level using free fatty acids. In addition, mTORC1 promotes lipogenesis by activating sterol regulatory element‐binding protein. Finding new components and novel regulatory modes in signaling is significant for a better understanding of the AMPK/mTOR pathways, potentially facilitating the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and its progression to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
AMPK activation appears in a healthy liver during fasting in response to energy generation needs. AMPK enhances FA oxidation and autophagy, reducing lipid accumulation. mTORC1 activation occurs in high food intake in a diseased liver, leading to lipogenesis, reducing FA oxidation, lipolysis, and autophagy, leading to liver lipid accumulation and NAFLD. ACC2, acetyl‐Coa carboxylase 2; AKT, protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP‐activated protein kinase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase I; DNL, de novo lipogenesis; FA, fatty acid; GTP, GTPase‐activating protein; HSL, hormone‐sensitive lipase; IR, insulin receptor; LKB, liver kinase B; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; PGC‐1α, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator‐1 alpha; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3‐ kinase; PPARa, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors alpha; RHEB, Ras homolog enriched in the brain; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, unc‐51‐like kinase 1.
Rapid advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, and remote healthcare have increased the demand for sustainable and high-performance wearable sensors. Triboelectric devices are gaining traction ...due to their self-powered operation capability and potential as wearable energy harvesters. Skin-interfaced triboelectric sensors (SITSs) can detect various mechanical signals and monitor physiological signals in real-time. Biopolymer-based SITSs are ideal for skin-interfaced applications since they are biocompatible and biodegradable. This review focuses on the recent advancements of SITS made from biocompatible polymer materials, such as plant-based, animal-based, and synthetic polymers, and highlights their potential for various applications, including human-machine interface (HMI) and physiological sensing. In addition, the fundamentals, challenges, and prospects of SITS based on biocompatible polymers are discussed.
This article proposes the analysis and control design of back-to-back (BTB) converter using multivariable approach. Singular value decomposition and relative gain array are used to analyze the BTB ...converter as a multiple-input multiple-output system and decide which variables should be controlled in a given frequency range. Based on the aforementioned analysis, a suitable low- and high-frequency controllers are included in order to asymptotically track the references and reject disturbances. A systematic approach, analyzing the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions, is carried out to tune a centralized optimal linear quadratic multivariable control. Experimental results are presented to validate the analysis and control design.
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