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► eeRo has antioxidant, vasodilator, anti-inflammatory activity as anti-ulcerogenic mechanisms. ► Ethanol induced macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical alterations. ► eeRo showed ...effective gastric protection against the ulcerative action of ethanol.
The pathology of a gastric ulcer is complex and multifactorial. Gastric ulcers affect many people around the world and its development is a result of the imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastric mucosa. In this study, we evaluated the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (eeRo); this plant, more commonly known as rosemary, has attracted the interest of the scientific community due to its numerous pharmacological properties and their potential therapeutic applications. Here, we tested the preventive effects of eeRo against gastric ulcer induced by 70% ethanol in male Wistar rats. In addition, we aimed to clarify the mechanism involved in the preventive action of the eeRo in gastric ulcers. Based on the analysis of markers of oxidative damage and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, the measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels and the assessment of the inflammatory response, the eeRo exhibited significant antioxidant, vasodilator and antiinflammatory properties.
The liver is remarkably important during exercise outcomes due to its contribution to detoxification, synthesis, and release of biomolecules, and energy supply to the exercising muscles. Recently, ...liver has been also shown to play an important role in redox status and inflammatory modulation during exercise. However, while several studies have described the adaptations of skeletal muscles to acute and chronic exercise, hepatic changes are still scarcely investigated. Indeed, acute intense exercise challenges the liver with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation onset, whereas regular training induces hepatic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory improvements. Acute and regular exercise protocols in combination with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplementation have been also tested to verify hepatic adaptations to exercise. Although positive results have been reported in some acute models, several studies have shown an increased exercise-related stress upon liver. A similar trend has been observed during training: while synergistic effects of training and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory supplementations have been occasionally found, others reported a blunting of relevant adaptations to exercise, following the patterns described in skeletal muscles. This review discusses current data regarding liver responses and adaptation to acute and regular exercise protocols alone or combined with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplementation. The understanding of the mechanisms behind these modulations is of interest for both exercise-related health and performance outcomes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Yerba-mate (
Ilex paraguariensis
) is recognized for its biocompounds and bioactive properties. This study aimed to assess the potential of yerba-mate extract to modulate the intestinal microbiota in ...rats. After the ethical committee approval (CEUA – UPF, number 025/2018), the Wistar rats were given a daily dose of 3.29 mg of phenolic compounds per animal for 45 days. The antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays and the total phenolic compounds was measured at different pH levels. Identification and quantification of chlorogenic acid isomers were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intestinal microbiota modulation was evaluated by administering the yerba-mate extract or water (control) to Wistar rats via intragastric gavage and its efficiency was measured through PCR. The antioxidant capacity of the yerba-mate extract was 64.53 ± 0.26 μmol Trolox/mL (ABTS) and 52.96 ± 0.86 μmol Trolox/mL (FRAP). The total phenolic compounds showed higher levels at pH 7.5 compared to pH 2.0. Chlorogenic acid isomers were found in greater abundance, with a concentration of 14.22 g/100 g. The administration of the extract resulted in positive modulation of the intestinal microbiota, specifically for the genera
Lactobacillus
sp. and
Prevotella
sp. The increase of these genera is related to the promotion of homeostasis of the gut microbiota. Therefore, these findings indicate that yerba-mate extract possesses significant antioxidant activity and can effectively modulate the intestinal microbiota in rats. These results support the potential use of yerba-mate as an alternative for controlling and preventing diseases associated with intestinal dysbiosis.
Acute exercise is a stress stimulus that may cause cell damage through the activation of the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 pathway, resulting in the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) into ...the cell nucleus and the upregulation of inflammatory genes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac, are often prescribed to counteract exercise-induced inflammation. Aims: This study analyzed effects of diclofenac pretreatment on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rat liver after an acute eccentric exercise. Main methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided in four groups: control-saline, control-diclofenac, exercise-saline and exercise-diclofenac. The rats received saline or diclofenac (10mg/kg) for 7days prior to an eccentric exercise bout. Key findings: After exercise there was an increase in TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (TRIF) and p65 NF-κB subunit protein levels. Exercise also resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Proinflammatory effects of exercise were prevented by the administration of diclofenac, which blunted the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the inflammatory response in the liver of exercised rats. Significance: Results from the present study highlight the role of TLR4 as a target for anti-inflammatory interventions.
Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Various studies have ...shown a positive effect of antioxidant compounds on oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis. In view of this, we have investigated the possible antioxidant activity of two new oximes against Cu
2+- induced LDL and serum oxidation. Oximes are used in organophosphate (OP) poisoning acting by restoring the cholinesterase function. However, their antioxidant capacities are not well understood and poorly studied.
We measured, in a Cu
2+-induced oxidation, the conjugated dienes formation in serum and LDL and the loss of tryptophan fluorescence as well as the TBARS formation in the LDL.
Our results showed that both oximes act as antioxidant and they are able to prevent LDL oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. When human LDL or serum was oxidized by Cu
2+, our oximes showed a significant increase in the lag phase of conjugated dienes and a significant decrease in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production. Moreover, oximes protected tryptophan residues of ApoB-100 in the early stage of LDL oxidation and during the subsequent propagation phase.
These results indicated for the first time that oximes have a potential antioxidant activity and they could act in the prevention of LDL and serum oxidation. Thus, we speculated that our oximes could act as antiatherogenic compounds besides their well described role as antidote for organophosphate poisoning.
Caffeine has been widely used in sports competitions due to its ergogenic effects. Most of the studies regarding caffeine and exercise have focused on muscle and plasma adaptations, while the impact ...on the liver is scarcely described. The aim is to analyze the effects of caffeine and exercise training on oxidative stress markers and injury-related parameters in the liver.
Rats were divided into sedentary/saline, sedentary/caffeine, exercise/saline, and exercise/caffeine groups. Exercise groups underwent 4weeks of swimming training, and caffeine (6mg/kg, p.o.) was supplemented throughout the training protocol. Injury-related liver parameters were assessed in plasma, while redox status and oxidative stress markers were measured on liver homogenates.
Exercise training increased muscle citrate synthase activity in the muscle, while in caffeine decreased its activity in both sedentary and trained rats. Aspartate transaminase levels were increased after training, and caffeine intake suppressed this elevation (p<0.05). Caffeine also diminished alanine transaminase levels in both sedentary and exercised rats (p<0.05). Exercise training induced a significant increase on the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as an increase on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels was also reached (p<0.05); caffeine intake blunted these alterations. Caffeine intake also suppressed liver catalase activity in both sedentary and exercise groups (p<0.05).
Our data suggest that caffeine modified the hepatic responses associated to exercise-induced oxidative stress without affecting the performance, exerting different actions according to the tissue. However, further studies are needed to better understand caffeine's role on liver under exercise training.
The aim was to evaluate the interactive effects on biochemistry and physiology of soybean plants exposed to simultaneous xenobiotic and water deficit stresses, and the possible attenuation of plant ...damage by an antioxidant agent. Soybean plants were submitted to eight different soil water potentials, in two experiments (first experiment: -0.96, -0.38, -0.07, -0.02 MPa, and second experiment: -3.09, -1.38, -0.69, -0.14 MPa), xenobiotic, and antioxidant agent applications. Was observed a reduction in water status, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, photosystem II quantum yield, and increased leaf temperature in plants under low water availability. Water deficit also induced oxidative stress by the increased production of reactive oxygen species, cellular and molecular damage, and induction of the antioxidant defense metabolism, reduction of gas exchange, water status, and photosynthetic efficiency. The xenobiotic application also caused changes, with deleterious effects more pronounced in low soil water availability, mainly the reactive oxygen species production, consequently the antioxidant activity, and the oxidative damages. This indicates different responses to the combination of stresses. Antioxidant enzyme activity was reduced by the application of the antioxidant agent. Principal Component Analysis showed a relation with the antioxidant agent and reactive oxygen species, which is probably due to signaling function, and with defense antioxidant system, mainly glutathione, represented by thiols.
Key points
An early inflammatory response and oxidative stress are implicated in the signal transduction that alters both hepatic redox status and mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury ...(TBI).
Peripheral oxidative/inflammatory responses contribute to neuronal dysfunction after TBI
Exercise training alters the profile of oxidative‐inflammatory status in liver and protects against acute hyperglycaemia and a cerebral inflammatory response after TBI.
Approaches such as exercise training, which attenuates neuronal damage after TBI, may have therapeutic potential through modulation of responses by metabolic organs.
The vulnerability of the body to oxidative/inflammatory in TBI is significantly enhanced in sedentary compared to physically active counterparts.
Although systemic responses have been described after traumatic brain injury (TBI), little is known regarding potential interactions between brain and peripheral organs after neuronal injury. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate whether a peripheral oxidative/inflammatory response contributes to neuronal dysfunction after TBI, as well as the prophylactic role of exercise training. Animals were submitted to fluid percussion injury after 6 weeks of swimming training. Previous exercise training increased mRNA expression of X receptor alpha and ATP‐binding cassette transporter, and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6 expression per se in liver. Interestingly, exercise training protected against hepatic inflammation (COX‐2, iNOS, TNF‐α and IL‐6), oxidative stress (decreases in non‐protein sulfhydryl and glutathione, as well as increases in 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation and protein carbonyl), which altered hepatic redox status (increases in myeloperoxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as inhibition of catalase activity) mitochondrial function (decreases in methyl‐tetrazolium and Δψ, as well as inhibition of citrate synthase activity) and ion gradient homeostasis (inhibition of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity inhibition) when analysed 24 h after TBI. Previous exercise training also protected against dysglycaemia, impaired hepatic signalling (increase in phosphorylated c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase, phosphorylated decreases in insulin receptor substrate and phosphorylated AKT expression), high levels of circulating and neuronal cytokines, the opening of the blood–brain barrier, neutrophil infiltration and Na+,K+‐ATPase activity inhibition in the ipsilateral cortex after TBI. Moreover, the impairment of protein function, neurobehavioural (neuromotor dysfunction and spatial learning) disability and hippocampal cell damage in sedentary rats suggests that exercise training also modulates peripheral oxidative/inflammatory pathways in TBI, which corroborates the ever increasing evidence regarding health‐related outcomes with respect to a physically active lifestyle.
Key points
An early inflammatory response and oxidative stress are implicated in the signal transduction that alters both hepatic redox status and mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Peripheral oxidative/inflammatory responses contribute to neuronal dysfunction after TBI
Exercise training alters the profile of oxidative‐inflammatory status in liver and protects against acute hyperglycaemia and a cerebral inflammatory response after TBI.
Approaches such as exercise training, which attenuates neuronal damage after TBI, may have therapeutic potential through modulation of responses by metabolic organs.
The vulnerability of the body to oxidative/inflammatory in TBI is significantly enhanced in sedentary compared to physically active counterparts.
Acute restrain stress promotes an inflammatory microenvironment mediated by oxidative damage. There is a need to design novel supplements based on 100 mg guarana,
Paullinia cupana
Kunth, Sapindaceae, ...50 µg selenium, and 400 mg
L
-carnitine to reduce neuro oxi-inflammation. Therefore, this study analyzes the
in vivo
effect of the guarana-selenium-carnitine supplement (2.63 mg/kg/day) over a ten-day period to explore its biochemical and therapeutic potential under acute stress conditions. Acute resistance stress was induced by confining individuals for 2 h per day in 50 ml polycarbonate cylinders. Interestingly, the results did not show changes in anxiety levels in the stressed group supplemented with the guarana-selenium-carnitine supplement based on behavioral tests. Although the effects of the supplement were organ-specific, the supplement is promising in that it reduced reactive oxygen species production, acetylcholinesterase and superoxide dismutases activitivies, and enhanced total antioxidant capacity to levels equal to those of the baseline control group (non-stressed group). Our findings suggest that the guarana-selenium-carnitine supplementation can modulate oxidative stress levels, but further studies are necessary to explore the neuro-biological consequences of consuming the supplement.
Graphical Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac, are widely used to treat inflammation and pain in several conditions, including sports injuries. This study analyzes the influence of ...diclofenac on the toll-like receptor-nuclear factor kappa B (TLR-NF-κB) pathway in skeletal muscle of rats submitted to acute eccentric exercise. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control-saline, control-diclofenac, exercise-saline, and exercise-diclofenac. Diclofenac or saline were administered for 7 days prior to an acute eccentric exercise bout. The inflammatory status was evaluated through mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and protein content of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in vastus lateralis muscle. Data obtained showed that a single bout of eccentric exercise significantly increased COX-2 gene expression. Similarly, mRNA expression and protein content of other inflammation-related genes also increased after the acute exercise. However, these effects were attenuated in the exercise + diclofenac group. TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), and p65 were also upregulated after the acute eccentric bout and the effect was blunted by the anti-inflammatory drug. These findings suggest that pretreatment with diclofenac may represent an effective tool to ameliorate the pro-inflammatory status induced by acute exercise in rat skeletal muscle possibly through an attenuation of the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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