To evaluate the access to comprehensive diagnostics and novel antituberculosis medicines in European countries.
We investigated the access to genotypic and phenotypic Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug ...susceptibility testing and the availability of antituberculosis drugs and calculated the cost of drugs and treatment regimens at major tuberculosis treatment centres in countries of the WHO European region where rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis are the highest among all WHO regions. Results were stratified by middle-income and high-income countries.
Overall, 43 treatment centres from 43 countries participated in the study. For WHO group A drugs, the frequency of countries with the availability of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was as follows: (a) 75% (30/40) for levofloxacin, (b) 82% (33/40) for moxifloxacin, (c) 48% (19/40) for bedaquiline, and (d) 72% (29/40) for linezolid. Overall, of the 43 countries, 36 (84%) and 24 (56%) countries had access to bedaquiline and delamanid, respectively, whereas only 6 (14%) countries had access to rifapentine. The treatment of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis with a regimen including a carbapenem was available only in 17 (40%) of the 43 countries. The median cost of regimens for drug-susceptible tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (shorter regimen, including bedaquiline for 6 months), and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (including bedaquiline, delamanid, and a carbapenem) were €44 (minimum–maximum, €15–152), €764 (minimum–maximum, €542–15152), and €8709 (minimum–maximum, €7965–11759) in middle-income countries (n = 12) and €280 (minimum–maximum, €78–1084), €29765 (minimum–maximum, €11116–40584), and €217591 (minimum–maximum, €82827–320146) in high-income countries (n = 29), respectively.
In countries of the WHO European region, there is a widespread lack of drug susceptibility testing capacity to new and repurposed antituberculosis drugs, lack of access to essential medications in several countries, and a high cost for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Rifapentine, a synthetic derivate of rifampicin which was developed in 1965, has interesting pharmacological properties, including a long terminal half-life (13 h, compared to 2-3 h for rifampicin) ...and promising bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite being approved in 1998 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, its global use has been limited by unavailability. In the past decade, new evidence has emerged to define rifapentine as a key component for treatment of active disease and latent infection with M. tuberculosis (LTBI).
The success of social reform largely depends on the level of professionalism of a modern social worker, the degree of manifestation of his abilities, capabilities and the optimal choice of ways and ...means of implementing his professional activity, which will more closely correspond to his individual characteristics. Object of research: professional activity of social workers Subject of research: individual and personal characteristics of a social worker as a factor in the formation of the style of professional activity The purpose of the study: to study the relationship of individual and personal characteristics and the style of professional activity of social workers. Research methods: 1. Ketell's 16-factor questionnaire, 2. Questionnaire of activity styles "SD 36" by A.D. Ishkovai N.G. Miloradova (adaptation of the questionnaire"LearningStylesQuestionnaire" by P. Honey and A. Mumford). 3. Research of individual style of professional activity (adapted for social workers) - A.I. Markova Thus, when studying the relationship between personal characteristics and the characteristics of the style of professional development of social workers, we determined that there is a relationship between personal attitudes and the features of the implementation of professional activities. It is also revealed that the qualification level has a significant impact on the nature of the relationship between personal characteristics and features of professional development. Thus, among social workers with the highest qualification category, with significant professional experience, there is a decrease in the intensity of the relationship between personal attitudes and features of professional development, which is due to personal characteristics: they have more pronounced indicators of dominance, high normativity of behavior, they are more independent in comparison with employees of the first category and are confident, conscientious, and responsible for their actions, are able to insist on their own, and strive to comply with established norms and rules
The subject of the study is the ratio of indicators of success in career and interpersonal relationships of spouses in patriarchal and egalitarian families. The purpose of the study was to determine ...the direction and nature of changes in marital relations in situations of career growth of one of the spouses. To conduct the study, we used: the questionnaire "Communication in the family" (Yu.E. Alyoshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya), the methodology "Role expectations and claims in marriage" (A.N. Volkova), the methodology "Distribution of roles in the family" (Yu.E. Alyoshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya), a test questionnaire of satisfaction with marriage (V.V. Stolin, G.P. Butenko, T.L. Romanova, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University), the method "Life Line" Golovakha E.I., Kronik A.A., adapted for the purposes of the study - measuring attitudes to career growth, methods of qualitative and quantitative data processing were also used. The sample of the study is represented by a group of men and women aged 35 to 40 years, in the number of 12 people who have been married for 10-15 years. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that traditional patriarchal families are not characterized by high social activity, focus on career development of both spouses, a high level of trusting communication and mutual understanding. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was found that there are a large number of correlations between various spheres of family relations, satisfaction with marriage and career success. Thus, the data obtained will increase the level of consistency of family values and the role adequacy of spouses, which will reduce the number of conflicts arising in the family and will contribute to the harmonization of family relations and thereby increase the level of satisfaction with marriage by spouses.
the reaction of naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes with peracetic acid catalyzed by Mn(III) (
1) or Fe(II) (
2) octanitrophthalocyanines in CH
3CN at 20°C produces 1,4-naphthoquinones with 35–62% ...yields. The corresponding 2,3-epoxide-1,4-endoperoxides are proposed as intermediate in reaction catalyzed by
1.
The reaction of naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes with peracetic acid catalyzed by Mn(III) (
1) or Fe(II) (
2) octanitrophthalocyanines in CH
3CN at 20°C produces 1,4-naphthoquinones with 35–62% yields.
