Abstract
Medicaid eligibility expansion, though not directly applicable to children, has been associated with improved access to care in children with cancer, but associations with overall survival ...are unknown. Data for children ages 0 to 14 years diagnosed with cancer from 2011 to 2018 were queried from central cancer registries data covering cancer diagnoses from 40 states as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Program of Cancer Registries. Difference-in-differences analyses were used to compare changes in 2-year survival from 2011-2013 to 2015-2018 in Medicaid expansion relative to nonexpansion states. In adjusted analyses, there was a 1.50 percentage point (95% confidence interval = 0.37 to 2.64) increase in 2-year overall survival after 2014 in expansion relative to nonexpansion states, particularly for those living in the lowest county income quartile (difference-in-differences = 5.12 percentage point, 95% confidence interval = 2.59 to 7.65). Medicaid expansion may improve cancer outcomes for children with cancer.
Nitrate concentrations in high-elevation lakes of the Colorado Front Range remain elevated despite declining trends in atmospherically deposited nitrate since 2000. The current source of this ...elevated nitrate in surface waters remains elusive, given shifts in additional nitrogen sources via glacial inputs and atmospheric ammonium deposition. We present the complete isotopic composition of nitrate (δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O) from a suite of nitrate-bearing source waters collected during the summers of 2017–2018 from two alpine ecosystems to constrain the provenance of elevated nitrate in surface waters during the summer open-water season. The results indicate a consistent contribution of uncycled atmospheric nitrate throughout the summer (13–23%) to alpine lakes, despite seasonal changes in source water inputs. The balance of nitrate (as high as 87% in late summer) is likely from nitrate production within the catchment via nitrification of reduced nitrogen sources (e.g., thawed soil organic matter and ammonium deposition) and released with rock glacier meltwater. The role of microbially produced nitrate has become increasingly important over time based on historical surface water samples from the mid-90s to present, a trend coincident with increasing ammonium deposition to alpine systems.
Incubation of Walleye eggs in Petri dishes Voorhees, Jill M.; Barnes, Michael E.
North American journal of aquaculture,
April 2024, Letnik:
86, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Objective
Eggs of Walleye Sander vitreus are typically incubated in upwelling jars. The relatively large number of eggs required for efficient and effective incubation in each jar, along with the ...difficulties in accurately quantifying egg survival to fry hatch, inhibits the replication needed for the controlled experimentation of Walleye spawning procedures and egg development. In addition, the use of production‐sized incubators for experiments can be problematic because of the risks associated with potentially hazardous treatments on large numbers of eggs. This study evaluated the technique of incubating small numbers of Walleye eggs in Petri dishes.
Methods
Eight treatments were used: (1) 20 eggs/dish with daily water exchanges, (2) 40 eggs/dish with daily water exchanges, (3) 20 eggs/dish with every‐other‐day water exchanges, (4) 40 eggs/dish with every‐other‐day water exchanges, (5) 20 eggs/dish with every‐third‐day water exchanges, (6) 40 eggs/dish with every‐third‐day water exchanges, (7) 10 eggs/dish with no water exchanges, and (8) 20 eggs/dish with no water exchanges. At the eyed stage of egg development, water in all dishes was exchanged daily; at hatch, water was changed and hatched fry were removed twice daily.
Result
Mean (SE) survival to hatch was 74% (2) and was not significantly different among any of the treatments.
Conclusion
These results indicate that small numbers of Walleye eggs can be successfully incubated in Petri dishes without any water changes before the eyed stage of development, making this a viable technique for use in controlled experiments.
Impact statement
Successful incubation of Walleye eggs in Petri dishes is the groundwork for small‐scale replication for use in future controlled experimentation on spawning and incubation techniques.
Diminished cerebrovascular function is associated with reduced cognitive ability. Habitual exercise may maintain or improve cerebrovascular function; however, limited information exists regarding the ...optimal exercise prescription for cerebrovascular health. While aerobic exercise is associated with improved systemic vascular function, the influence of resistance exercise on vascular health is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of habitual exercise training on cerebrovascular function in healthy young adults. We evaluated 13 untrained (age = 27 ± 5 yr; 11 men, 2 women), 13 aerobic trained (age = 28 ± 5 yr; 10 men, 3 women), and 13 resistance trained (age = 24 ± 4 yr; 11 men, 2 women) adults. Middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO
) were continuously measured at rest, and in response to hypercapnia. At rest, there were no differences between groups for MCAv; however, resistance trained adults had greater cerebrovascular conductance compared with aerobic trained adults (0.79 ± 0.26 cm/s/mmHg vs. 0.56 ± 0.17 cm/s/mmHg; p < 0.05). In response to hypercapnia, cerebrovascular reactivity and MAP reactivity were not different between groups. There was no association between aerobic fitness or measures of exercise volume and any variable of cerebrovascular function in the combined or individual groups. Our results suggest that the mode of exercise training does not impact cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy young adults; however, it may influence resting cerebral hemodynamics. Future research could examine the influence of habitual exercise training on cerebrovascular function with aging.
Exercise is associated with higher cognitive function and is a promising intervention to reduce the risk of dementia. With advancing age, there are changes in the vasculature that have important ...clinical implications for brain health and cognition. Primary aging and vascular risk factors are associated with increases in arterial stiffness and pulse pressure, and reductions in peripheral vascular function.
The purpose is to discuss the epidemiological, observational, and mechanistic evidence regarding the link between age-related changes in vascular health and brain health.
We performed a literature review and integrated with our published data.
Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between age-related increases in arterial stiffness and lower cognitive function, which may be mediated by cerebral vascular function, including cerebral vasoreactivity and cerebral pulsatility. Age-associated impairments in central arterial stiffness and peripheral vascular function have been attenuated or reversed through lifestyle behaviors such as exercise. Greater volumes of habitual exercise and higher cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with beneficial effects on both peripheral vascular health and cognition. Yet, the extent to which exercise directly influences cerebral vascular function and brain health, as well as the associated mechanisms remains unclear.
Although there is evidence that exercise positively impacts cerebral vascular function, more research is necessary in humans to optimize experimental protocols and address methodological limitations and physiological considerations. Understanding the impact of exercise on cerebral vascular function is important for understanding the association between exercise and brain health and may inform future intervention studies that seek to improve cognition.
Acute inflammatory responses are linked to a transient increase in risk of a cardiovascular event, and this risk may be mediated by a concomitant reduction in vascular function. Humans experience an ...acute inflammatory response as a consequence of infection, injury, or muscle damage. We measured macrovascular function before and after eccentric exercise to determine whether muscle damage from unaccustomed exercise has an unfavorable effect on the large elastic arteries. A total of 27 healthy sedentary or recreationally active men (age 18-38 years) participated in either bilateral leg press eccentric exercise or unilateral elbow flexor eccentric exercise. Postexercise muscle damage was confirmed by significant reductions in isometric strength and increases in muscle soreness (P < 0.05). Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity was significantly elevated 48 h after leg exercise (808 ± 31 vs. 785 ± 30 cm/s; P < 0.05) and arm exercise (790 ± 28 vs. 755 ± 24 cm/s; P < 0.05). There were no changes in mean arterial pressure. C-reactive protein was elevated after leg exercise but not after arm exercise. The increase in carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity 48 h after arm exercise was associated with muscle strength (r = -0.47; P < 0.05) and creatine kinase concentrations (r = 0.70; P < 0.01). We concluded that eccentric exercise in both small and large muscle mass translates to transient, unfavorable changes in central macrovascular function and that the increase in central arterial stiffness after small muscle eccentric exercise is associated with indicators of muscle damage.
1 Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin; and 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, ...College Station, Texas
Submitted 20 March 2008
; accepted in final form 14 May 2008
The clinical importance of vascular reactivity as an early marker of atherosclerosis has been well established, and a number of established and emerging techniques have been employed to provide measurements of peripheral vascular reactivity. However, relations between these methodologies are unclear as each technique evaluates different physiological aspects related to micro- and macrovascular reactive hyperemia. To address this question, a total of 40 apparently healthy normotensive adults, 19–68 yr old, underwent 5 min of forearm suprasystolic cuff-induced ischemia followed by postischemic measurements. Measurements of vascular reactivity included 1 ) flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), 2 ) changes in pulse wave velocity between the brachial and radial artery ( PWV), 3 ) hyperemic shear stress, 4 ) reactive hyperemic flow, 5 ) reactive hyperemia index (RHI) assessed by fingertip arterial tonometry, 6 ) fingertip temperature rebound (TR), and 7 ) skin reactive hyperemia. FMD was significantly and positively associated with RHI ( r = 0.47) and TR ( r = 0.45) (both P < 0.01) but not with reactive hyperemic flow or hyperemic shear stress. There was no correlation between two measures of macrovascular reactivity (FMD and PWV). Skin reactive hyperemia was significantly associated with RHI ( r = 0.55) and reactive hyperemic flow ( r = 0.35) (both P < 0.05). There was a significant association between reactive hyperemia and RHI ( r = 0.30; P < 0.05). In more than 75% of cases, vascular reactivity measures were not significantly associated. We concluded that associations among different measures of peripheral micro- and macrovascular reactivity were modest at best. These results suggest that different physiological mechanisms may be involved in changing different measures of vascular reactivity.
flow-mediated dilatation; reactive hyperemia; pulse wave velocity; endothelial function
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: H. Tanaka, Dept. of Kinesiology and Health Education, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (e-mail: htanaka{at}mail.utexas.edu )
I Used to Get WIC … But Then I Stopped BARNES, CAROLYN; HALPERN-MEEKIN, SARAH; HOITING, JILL
RSF : Russell Sage Foundation journal of the social sciences,
09/2023, Letnik:
9, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This study examines how individuals assess administrative burdens and how these views change over time within the context of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, ...and Children (WIC), which provides food to pregnant and breastfeeding women and children under age five. Using interview data from the Baby’s First Years: Mothers’Voices study (n = 80), we demonstrate how the circumstances of family life, shifting food needs and preferences, and the receipt of other resources shape how mothers perceive the costs and benefits of program participation. We find that mothers’perceptions of WIC’s costs and benefits vary over time and contribute to program participation trajectories, so many eligible people do not participate; need alone does not drive participation decisions.
Adults with cardiovascular disease and heart failure are at higher risk of cognitive decline. Cerebral hypoperfusion appears to be a significant contributor, which can result from vascular ...dysfunction and impairment of cerebral blood flow regulation. In contrast, higher cardiorespiratory fitness shows protection against brain atrophy, reductions in cerebral blood flow, and cognitive decline. Given that high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be a potent stimulus for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral vascular function, its utility for improving cognitive aging is an important area of research. This article will review the physiology related to cerebral blood flow regulation and cognitive decline in adults with cardiovascular disease and heart failure, and how HIIT may provide a more optimal stimulus for improving cognitive aging in this population.
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