Legal restrictions on the grounds that cannabis has no therapeutic use have impeded research, says M P Barnes, but evidence shows cannabinoids may have benefit in several indications, calling for ...doctors to be allowed to prescribe the drug as they can in many other countries
Medical leaders have warned of the potential public health burden of a "parallel pandemic" faced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. These individuals may have experienced scenarios ...in which their moral code was violated resulting in potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs). In the present study, hierarchical linear modeling was utilized to examine the role of PMIEs on COVID-19 pandemic-related difficulties in psychosocial functioning among 211 healthcare providers (83% female, 89% White, and an average of 11.30 years in their healthcare profession 9.31) over a 10-month span (May 2020 -March 2021). Reported exposure to PMIEs was associated with statistically significant poorer self-reported psychosocial functioning at baseline and over the course of 10-months of data collection. Within exploratory examinations of PMIE type, perceptions of transgressions by self or others (e.g., "I acted in ways that violated my own moral code or values"), but not perceived betrayal (e.g., "I feel betrayed by leaders who I once trusted"), was associated with poorer COVID-19 related psychosocial functioning (e.g., feeling connected to others, relationship with spouse or partner). Findings from this study speak to the importance of investing in intervention and prevention efforts to mitigate the consequences of exposure to PMIEs among healthcare providers. Interventions for healthcare providers targeting psychosocial functioning in the context of moral injury is an important area for future research.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We present an analysis of gas densities in the central R = 300 pc of the Milky Way, focusing on three clouds: GCM -0.02-0.07 (the 50 km s−1 cloud), GCM -0.13-0.08 (the 20 km s−1 cloud), and GCM ...0.25+0.01 (the "Brick"). Densities are determined using observations of the J = (3-2), (4-3), (5-4), (10-9), (18-17), (19-18), (21-20), and (24-23) transitions of the molecule HC3N. We find evidence of at least two excitation regimes for HC3N and constrain the low-excitation component to have a density less than 104 cm−3 and the high-excitation component to have a density between 105 and 106 cm−3. This is much less than densities of 107 cm−3 that are found in Sgr B2, the most actively star-forming cloud in the Galactic center. This is consistent with the requirement of a higher-density threshold for star formation in the Galactic center than is typical in the Galactic disk. We are also able to constrain the column density of each component in order to determine the mass fraction of "dense" (n > 105 cm−3) gas for these clouds. We find that this is ∼15% for all three clouds. Applying the results of our models to ratios of the (10-9) and (3-2) line across the entire central R = 300 pc, we find that the fraction of dense (n > 104 cm−3) gas increases inward of a radius of ∼140 pc, consistent with the predictions of recent models for the gas dynamics in this region. Our observations show that HC3N is an excellent molecule for probing the density structure of clouds in the Galactic center.
Here we present details of an operator-split, implicit–explicit numerical scheme for the solution of the gyrokinetic-Poisson system of equations in the local limit. This scheme has been implemented ...in a new code called stella, which is capable of evolving electrostatic fluctuations with full kinetic electron effects and an arbitrary number of ion species in general magnetic geometry. We demonstrate the advantages of this mixed approach over a fully explicit treatment and provide linear and nonlinear benchmark comparisons for both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric magnetic equilibria.
•New algorithm for plasma turbulence simulations with general toroidal geometry.•Strong stability preserving treatment of explicit terms.•Benchmarks for linear and nonlinear simulations in axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric magnetic field configurations.•Novel calculation indicating numerical stability of explicit methods at long wavelengths in gyrokinetics.
This paper describes a new code for simulating astrophysical plasmas that solves a hybrid model composed of gyrokinetic ions (GKI) and an isothermal electron fluid (ITEF) Schekochihin et al. (2009) ...9. This model captures ion kinetic effects that are important near the ion gyro-radius scale while electron kinetic effects are ordered out by an electron–ion mass ratio expansion. The code is developed by incorporating the ITEF approximation into AstroGK, an Eulerian δf gyrokinetics code specialized to a slab geometry Numata et al. (2010) 41. The new code treats the linear terms in the ITEF equations implicitly while the nonlinear terms are treated explicitly. We show linear and nonlinear benchmark tests to prove the validity and applicability of the simulation code. Since the fast electron timescale is eliminated by the mass ratio expansion, the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition is much less restrictive than in full gyrokinetic codes; the present hybrid code runs ∼2mi/me∼100 times faster than AstroGK with a single ion species and kinetic electrons where mi/me is the ion–electron mass ratio. The improvement of the computational time makes it feasible to execute ion scale gyrokinetic simulations with a high velocity space resolution and to run multiple simulations to determine the dependence of turbulent dynamics on parameters such as electron–ion temperature ratio and plasma beta.
•A new simulation code for solving a gyrokinetic ion and isothermal electron fluid hybrid model is developed.•A new implicit time advance algorithm for the isothermal electron fluid equations are implemented in the code.•The code runs approximately 100 times faster than other full gyrokinetics codes.
Evolution is a prominent component of biology education and remains controversial among college biology students in the United States who are mostly Christian, but science education researchers have ...not explored the attitudes of Muslim biology students in the United States. To explore perceptions of evolution among Muslim students in the United States, we surveyed 7,909 college students in 52 biology classes in 13 states about their acceptance of evolution, interest in evolution, and understanding of evolution. Muslim students in our sample, on average, did not agree with items that measured acceptance of macroevolution and human evolution. Further, on average, Muslim students agreed, but did not strongly agree with items measuring microevolution acceptance. Controlling for gender, major, race/ethnicity, and international status, we found that the evolution acceptance and interest levels of Muslim students were slightly higher than Protestant students and students who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, Muslim student evolution acceptance levels were significantly lower than Catholic, Jewish, Buddhist, and Hindu students as well as students who did not identify with a religion (agnostic and atheists). Muslim student understanding of evolution was similar to students from other affiliations, but was lower than agnostic and atheist students. We also examined which variables are associated with Muslim student acceptance of evolution and found that higher understanding of evolution and lower religiosity are positive predictors of evolution acceptance among Muslim students, which is similar to the broader population of biology students. These data are the first to document that Muslim students have lower acceptance of evolution compared to students from other affiliations in undergraduate biology classrooms in the United States.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Enterococcus faecalis is a common commensal organism and a prolific nosocomial pathogen that causes biofilm-associated infections. Numerous E. faecalis OG1RF genes required for biofilm formation have ...been identified, but few studies have compared genetic determinants of biofilm formation and biofilm morphology across multiple conditions. Here, we cultured transposon (Tn) libraries in CDC biofilm reactors in two different media and used Tn sequencing (TnSeq) to identify core and accessory biofilm determinants, including many genes that are poorly characterized or annotated as hypothetical. Multiple secondary assays (96-well plates, submerged Aclar discs, and MultiRep biofilm reactors) were used to validate phenotypes of new biofilm determinants. We quantified biofilm cells and used fluorescence microscopy to visualize biofilms formed by six Tn mutants identified using TnSeq and found that disrupting these genes (OG1RF_10350,
,
, OG1RF_10576, OG1RF_11288, and OG1RF_11456) leads to significant time- and medium-dependent changes in biofilm architecture. Structural predictions revealed potential roles in cell wall homeostasis for OG1RF_10350 and OG1RF_11288 and signaling for OG1RF_11456. Additionally, we identified growth medium-specific hallmarks of OG1RF biofilm morphology. This study demonstrates how E. faecalis biofilm architecture is modulated by growth medium and experimental conditions and identifies multiple new genetic determinants of biofilm formation.
E. faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, in part due to its ability to form biofilms. A complete understanding of the genes required for E. faecalis biofilm formation as well as specific features of biofilm morphology related to nutrient availability and growth conditions is crucial for understanding how E. faecalis biofilm-associated infections develop and resist treatment in patients. We employed a comprehensive approach to analysis of biofilm determinants by combining TnSeq primary screens with secondary phenotypic validation using diverse biofilm assays. This enabled identification of numerous core (important under many conditions) and accessory (important under specific conditions) biofilm determinants in E. faecalis OG1RF. We found multiple genes whose disruption results in drastic changes to OG1RF biofilm morphology. These results expand our understanding of the genetic requirements for biofilm formation in E. faecalis that affect the time course of biofilm development as well as the response to specific nutritional conditions.
Single‐walled‐carbon‐nanotube (SWNT) films are prepared with high transparency, electrical conductivity, and uniformity, with exceptionally low surface roughness, on arbitrarily large substrates by ...ultrasonic spraying. This scalable process is ideally suited for large‐area, solution‐based production of SWNT electrodes for photovoltaics and other optoelectronic applications.
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