The major challenge within the presented study is the possibility to increase the effectiveness of fermentative lactic acid production. Four acid tolerant Pedioccocus spp. strains, previously ...isolated from sourdough medium, were screened for their ability to produce the enantioselective lactic acid (LA) from cheese whey and compared to the traditional in dairy technology Lactobacillus delbrüeckii spp. bulgaricus. The effects of lactose hydrolysis by using commercial β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae and acid neutralization on fermentation performance and LA stereoisomer ratio were investigated. The Pediococcus pentosaceus strains were indicated as the DL-forming lactic acid bacteria, in which the percentage of the l(+)-lactic acid is high (75% from the total LA), while Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus bulgaricus produced L(+) and D(−) lactic acid, respectively. The L/D ratio could be increased by using enzyme hydrolysed whey for fermentation; however, prolonged fermentation induced the formation of d(−)-lactic acid. Experiment revealed the different tolerance of tested LAB to acid medium, thus required the different amounts of neutralizing agent. The maximum production of l(+)-lactic acid up to 47.0–51.2 g/L from hydrolysed whey was acquired in a pH 4.4–4.5 by P. acidilactici KTU05-7 and P. pentosaceus KTU05-9 using 2% (w/v) of CaCO3, while the use of L. bulgaricus required a threefold higher amount of the neutralizing agent.
•Enantioselective LA production from whey by low acid tolerant LAB has been analyzed.•The D(−)/L(+) ratio depended on LAB strain used for whey fermentation.•The maximum production of LA from hydrolysed whey was achieved at a pH 4.4–4.5.•Prolonged fermentation induced the formation of D(−) lactic acid.•The sustainability of fermentative lactic acid production has been increased.
Mycotoxins are toxic mold metabolites that can adversely affect human and animal health. More than 400 mycotoxins have been identified so far. Cereals and nuts are the predominant ...mycotoxin-contaminated foodstuffs. Plant-based drinks produced from cereals, nuts, and legumes have grown in popularity. The mycotoxins accumulated in these crops may transfer to these beverages. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and optimized for the assessment of 22 mycotoxins in commercially available plant-based drinks in Latvia and Lithuania. A total of 64% of the seventy-two analyzed beverages were positive for one to sixteen mycotoxins, with deoxynivalenol, beauvericin, and enniatins A, B, B1, T-2, and HT-2 toxins detected most frequently. The European Commission has not yet set guidelines for the maximum mycotoxin concentrations in plant-based beverages, nor has the European Food Safety Authority conducted a risk assessment. Therefore, acute exposure studies were provided for the Latvian population based on the assumed replacement of dairy milk with plant-based beverages to ascertain the safety of plant-based milk substitutes. Based on the observed levels of mycotoxin prevalence and contamination levels and assumed exposure, it can be concluded that tested plant-based beverages may be relatively safe. However, exposure to emerging mycotoxins should be considered.
This research effort aimed at isolating and phenotypically characterizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates from a spontaneous rye sourdough manufactured following traditional protocols, as well as ...at evaluating their antimicrobial and antifungal properties as key features for future industrial applications. Thirteen LAB strains of potential industrial interest were isolated and identified to species-level via PCR. Most of the sourdough isolates showed versatile carbohydrate metabolisms. The
No. 242 and
No. 173 demonstrated to be gas producers; thus, revealing their heterofermenter or facultative homofermenter features. Viable counts higher than 7.0 log
(CFU/mL) were observed for
No. 244,
No. 210,
No. 173,
No. 206,
No. 183,
No. 245 and
No. 135 strains, after exposure at pH 2.5 for 2 h. Moreover,
No. 122,
No. 210,
No. 51,
No. 244, and
No. 71 showed growth inhibition properties against all the tested fifteen pathogenic strains. Finally, all LAB isolates showed antifungal activities against
,
, and
. These results unveiled the exceptionality of spontaneous sourdough as a source of LAB with effective potential to be considered in the design of novel commercial microbial single/mixed starter cultures, intended for application in a wide range of agri-food industries, where the antimicrobial and antifungal properties are often sought and necessary. In addition, metabolites therefrom may also be considered as important functional and bioactive compounds with high potential to be employed in food and feed, as well as cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
A crispy crust is one of the most prominent characteristics used to evaluate the level of freshness and quality of ciabatta bread. In this study, the qualitative effects of different bread dough ...formulations (control, wheat malt, and protease) on ciabatta crust crispness and water adsorption under different storage conditions (45% RH and 75% RH) were studied. The acoustic emission measurements of dough rheology and crust crispness versus texture analysis were performed. Of the different formulations used, only particular doses of wheat malt increased the initial crispness of the crust and its crispness retention under both storage conditions. The positive effect of the wheat malt was due to a lower initial water content in the crusts of these breads compared to breads prepared from other formulations. The relationship between formulation and crispness was dominated by the dependence on storage conditions. The acoustic parameters relating to the dough and bread texture were correlated with instrumental texture evaluation. Fast and non-destructive acoustic techniques are promising tools for monitoring the texture properties of bakery products during processing.
•The acoustic emission measurements of dough rheology and crust crispness versus texture analysis were performed.•The formulation effect was significant for crispness of ciabatta crust and its retention during storage.•The lowest water absorption during storage was observed in the wheat malt formulation.•Acoustic parameters relating to the dough and bread texture were correlated with instrumental texture evaluation.
Betaine is a non-essential amino acid with proven functional properties and underutilized potential. The most common dietary sources of betaine are beets, spinach, and whole grains. Whole grains-such ...as quinoa, wheat and oat brans, brown rice, barley, etc.-are generally considered rich sources of betaine. This valuable compound has gained popularity as an ingredient in novel and functional foods due to the demonstrated health benefits that it may provide. This review study will provide an overview of the various natural sources of betaine, including different types of food products, and explore the potential of betaine as an innovative functional ingredient. It will thoroughly discuss its metabolic pathways and physiology, disease-preventing and health-promoting properties, and further highlight the extraction procedures and detection methods in different matrices. In addition, gaps in the existing scientific literature will be emphasized.
In this study we hypothesized that the relations between the bovine colostrum (BC) microbiota, biogenic amine (BA) as well as volatile compound (VC) profiles can lead to new deeper insights ...concerning the BC changes during the biological preservation. To implement such an aim, BC samples were collected from 5 farms located in Lithuania and fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strains. Nonfermented and fermented BC were subjected to microbiological lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Escherichia coli, and total bacteria (TBC), total Enterobacteriaceae (TEC) and total mold and yeast (M-Y) viable counts and physicochemical (pH, color coordinates, BA content and VC profile) parameters evaluation, and the relationship between the tested parameters were also further analyzed. In comparison pH and dry matter (DM) of nonfermented samples, significant differences were not found, and pH of BC was, on average, 6.30, and DM, on average, 27.5%. The pH of fermented samples decreased, on average, until 4.40 in Lp. plantarum fermented group, and, on average, until 4.37 in Lc. paracasei fermented group. Comparing color characteristics among nonfermented BC groups, significant differences between lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) were not detected, however, the origin (i.e., agricultural company), LAB strain used for fermentation and the interaction between these factors were statistically significant on BC redness (a*) coordinate. The microbial contamination among all the tested BC groups was similar. However, different LAB strains used for BC fermentation showed different effects toward the microbial contamination reduction, and specifically Lc. paracasei was more effective than Lp. plantarum strain. Predominant BA in BC were putrescine and cadaverine. The main VC in nonfermented and fermented BC were decane, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, dodecane, 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene, 3,6-dimethyldecane and tetradecane. Moreover, this study showed worrying trends with respect to the frozen colostrum storage, because most of the dominant VC in BC were contaminants from the packaging material. Additionally, significant correlations between separate VC and microbial contamination were obtained. Finally, these experimental results showed that the separate VC in BC can be an important marker for biological as well as chemical contamination of BC. Also, it should be pointed out that despite the fermentation with LAB is usually described as a safe and natural process with many advantages, control of BA in the end product is necessary.
In this study, the presence of antibiotics (ANB) residues was evaluated in poultry meat purchased from German and Lithuanian markets. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of 13 lactic acid ...bacteria (LAB) strains, 2 essential oils (EO) (Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare L.), and their compositions were tested for the purpose of inhibiting antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. ANB residues were found in 3 out of the 20 analyzed poultry meat samples: sample no. 8 contained enrofloxacin (0.46 μg/kg), sample no. 14 contained both enrofloxacin and doxycycline (0.05 and 16.8 μg/kg, respectively), and sample no. 18 contained enrofloxacin (2.06 μg/kg). The maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and for doxycycline in the poultry muscle are 100 μg/kg. Finally, none of the tested poultry meat samples exceeded the suggested MRLs; however, the issue of ANB residues still requires monitoring of the poultry industry in Germany, Poland, and Lithuania, despite the currently established low ANB concentrations. These findings can be explained by the increased use of alternatives to ANB in the poultry industry. Our results showed that an effective alternative to ANB, which can help to reduce the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant salmonella, is a composition containing 1.0% of thyme EO and the following LAB strains: Lactobacillus plantrum LUHS122, Enteroccocus pseudoavium LUHS242, Lactobacillus casei LUHS210, Lactobacillus paracasei LUHS244, Lactobacillus plantarum LUHS135, Lactobacillus coryniformins LUHS71, and Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245, which can be recommended for poultry industry as components of feed or for the treatment of surfaces, to control the contamination with Salmonella strains. However, it should be mentioned that most of the tested LAB strains were inhibited by thyme EO at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0%, except for LUHS122, LUHS210, and LUHS245. Finally, it can be noted that the agents responsible for the inhibitory effect on Salmonella are not the viable LAB strains but rather their metabolites, and further studies are needed to identify which metabolites are the most important.
This review intends to highlight the fact that bread sourdough is a very promising source of technological, antimicrobial, toxin-degrading, immune system-, and faecal microbiota-modelling biological ...agents for the preparation of food, nutraceuticals, and feed, which has great potential at industrial biotechnology scale. There are many applications of sourdough lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are the main microorganisms in spontaneous sourdough. In addition to their application as pure technological strains in the food and feed industries, taking into consideration the specific properties of these microorganisms (antimicrobial, antifungal, immuno-, and microbiota-modulating, etc.), they are used as valuable ingredients in higher-value food as well as nutraceutical formulations. Additionally, a very promising application of LAB is their use in combination with plant- and/or animal-based ingredients to increase the functional properties of the whole combination due to different mechanisms of action, as well as desirable symbiotic activity. In addition to traditional foods prepared using sourdough microorganisms (bread, biscuits, meat products, dairy, beverages, etc.), they could find application in the preparation of added-value ingredients for the food, nutraceutical, and feed industries. Finally, this mini-review gives a brief introduction to the possible applications of sourdough LAB in the food, feed, and nutraceutical industries.
Oils derived from plant sources, mainly fixed oils from seeds and essential oil from other parts of the plant, are gaining interest as they are the rich source of beneficial compounds that possess ...potential applications in different industries due to their preventive and therapeutic actions. The essential oils are used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture industries as they possess antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Plant based oils contain polyphenols, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds which show high antioxidant activity. The extractions of these oils are a crucial step in terms of the yield and quality attributes of plant oils. This review paper outlines the different modern extraction techniques used for the extraction of different seed oils, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), cold-pressed extraction (CPE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and pulsed electric field-assisted extraction (PEF). For the identification and quantification of essential and bioactive compounds present in seed oils, different modern techniques—such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR), atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and electron microscopy (EM)—are highlighted in this review along with the beneficial effects of these essential components in different in vivo and in vitro studies and in different applications. The primary goal of this research article is to pique the attention of researchers towards the different sources, potential uses and applications of oils in different industries.
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising biomonitoring approach with the potential to provide direct information on human intake and exposure to food contaminants and environmental ...chemicals. The aim of this study was to apply WBE while employing the normalization method for exploring human exposure to selected mycotoxins according to population biomarker 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). This type of normalization technique has been previously used to detect various other compounds. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study tracking human exposure to mycotoxins. A sensitive analytical methodology was developed to achieve reliable quantification of deoxynivalenol, enniatins, and beauvericin in wastewater (WW) samples. The applicability of the method was evaluated by testing 29 WW samples collected at WW treatment plants in Latvia. With frequency of detection greater than 86%, enniatins B, B1, A, and A1 were revealed in WW samples. The estimated total daily intake for enniatins was in the range of 1.8-27.6 µg/day per person. Free deoxynivalenol (DON) was determined in all analysed WW samples. Based on the average 5-HIAA excretion level and the determined 5-HIAA content in the samples, the intake of DON by the human population of Riga was estimated at 325 ng/kg b.w. day.
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