We present the results of the largest L′ (3.8 m) direct imaging survey for exoplanets to date, the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer Exozodi Exoplanet Common Hunt (LEECH). We observed 98 stars ...with spectral types from B to M. Cool planets emit a larger share of their flux in L′ compared to shorter wavelengths, affording LEECH an advantage in detecting low-mass, old, and cold-start giant planets. We emphasize proximity over youth in our target selection, probing physical separations smaller than other direct imaging surveys. For FGK stars, LEECH outperforms many previous studies, placing tighter constraints on the hot-start planet occurrence frequency interior to ∼20 au. For less luminous, cold-start planets, LEECH provides the best constraints on giant-planet frequency interior to ∼20 au around FGK stars. Direct imaging survey results depend sensitively on both the choice of evolutionary model (e.g., hot- or cold-start) and assumptions (explicit or implicit) about the shape of the underlying planet distribution, in particular its radial extent. Artificially low limits on the planet occurrence frequency can be derived when the shape of the planet distribution is assumed to extend to very large separations, well beyond typical protoplanetary dust-disk radii ( 50 au), and when hot-start models are used exclusively. We place a conservative upper limit on the planet occurrence frequency using cold-start models and planetary population distributions that do not extend beyond typical protoplanetary dust-disk radii. We find that 90% of FGK systems can host a 7-10 MJup planet from 5 to 50 au. This limit leaves open the possibility that planets in this range are common.
The rapid expansion of smartphones and technology has created a new target for malware attacks in the market. The popularity of Android and the multitude of products and systems each smartphone has ...access to increase attack vectors and damage possibilities to consumers. Security requires that early detection and remediation of malware possibilities is just as rapid to stem the growing tide of malware. Thus far, the efforts to stymie the growing tide of malware have been limited at best. Ninety percent of Android malware is in applications. Third party markets appear every day and the number of applications is nearing the million mark. Classifying malware and how it is behaves is of great value (Zhou, 2012).
We present the results of the largest \(L^{\prime}\) (\(3.8~\mu\)m) direct imaging survey for exoplanets to date, the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) Exozodi Exoplanet Common Hunt ...(LEECH). We observed 98 stars with spectral types from B to M. Cool planets emit a larger share of their flux in \(L^{\prime}\) compared to shorter wavelengths, affording LEECH an advantage in detecting low-mass, old, and cold-start giant planets. We emphasize proximity over youth in our target selection, probing smaller physical separations than other direct imaging surveys. For FGK stars LEECH outperforms many previous studies, placing tighter constraints on the hot-start planet occurrence frequency interior to \(\sim20\) AU. For less luminous, cold-start planets, LEECH provides the best constraints on giant-planet frequency interior to \(\sim20\) AU around FGK stars. Direct imaging survey results depend sensitively on both the choice of evolutionary model (e.g., hot or cold-start) and assumptions (explicit or implicit) about the shape of the underlying planet distribution, in particular its radial extent. Artificially low limits on the planet occurrence frequency can be derived when the shape of the planet distribution is assumed to extend to very large separations, well beyond typical protoplanetary dust-disk radii (\(\lesssim50\) AU), and when hot-start models are used exclusively. We place a conservative upper limit on the planet occurrence frequency using cold-start models and planetary population distributions that do not extend beyond typical protoplanetary dust-disk radii. We find that \(\lesssim90\%\) of FGK systems can host a 7 to 10 \(M_{\mathrm{Jup}}\) planet from 5 to 50 AU. This limit leaves open the possibility that planets in this range are common.
Idioms of distress communicate suffering via reference to shared ethnopsychologies, and better understanding of idioms of distress can contribute to effective clinical and public health ...communication. This systematic review is a qualitative synthesis of “thinking too much” idioms globally, to determine their applicability and variability across cultures. We searched eight databases and retained publications if they included empirical quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods research regarding a “thinking too much” idiom and were in English. In total, 138 publications from 1979 to 2014 met inclusion criteria. We examined the descriptive epidemiology, phenomenology, etiology, and course of “thinking too much” idioms and compared them to psychiatric constructs. “Thinking too much” idioms typically reference ruminative, intrusive, and anxious thoughts and result in a range of perceived complications, physical and mental illnesses, or even death. These idioms appear to have variable overlap with common psychiatric constructs, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. However, “thinking too much” idioms reflect aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses and often show wide within-cultural variation, in addition to between-cultural differences. Taken together, these findings suggest that “thinking too much” should not be interpreted as a gloss for psychiatric disorder nor assumed to be a unitary symptom or syndrome within a culture. We suggest five key ways in which engagement with “thinking too much” idioms can improve global mental health research and interventions: it (1) incorporates a key idiom of distress into measurement and screening to improve validity of efforts at identifying those in need of services and tracking treatment outcomes; (2) facilitates exploration of ethnopsychology in order to bolster cultural appropriateness of interventions; (3) strengthens public health communication to encourage engagement in treatment; (4) reduces stigma by enhancing understanding, promoting treatment-seeking, and avoiding unintentionally contributing to stigmatization; and (5) identifies a key locally salient treatment target.
•Presents first cross-cultural review of the idiom of distress “thinking too much”.•“Thinking too much” idioms are nearly universal yet heterogeneous across settings.•They reference a range of pathological/non-pathological states, not a single psychiatric construct.•They have been used successfully to strengthen measurement scales and clinical interventions.•We highlight strong examples of balancing emic and etic approaches to understanding distress.
Abstract
Bayesian parameter estimation provides a systematic approach to compare heavy-ion collision models with measurements, leading to constraints on the properties of nuclear matter with proper ...accounting of experimental and theoretical uncertainties. Aside from statistical and systematic model uncertainties, interpolation uncertainties can also play a role in Bayesian inference, if the model’s predictions can only be calculated at a limited set of model parameters. This uncertainty originates from using an emulator to interpolate the model’s prediction across a continuous space of parameters. In this work, we study the trade-offs between the emulator (interpolation) and statistical uncertainties. We perform the analysis using spatial eccentricities from the T
R
ENTo model of initial conditions for nuclear collisions. Given a fixed computational budget, we study the optimal compromise between the number of parameter samples and the number of collisions simulated per parameter sample. For the observables and parameters used in the present study, we find that the best constraints are achieved when the number of parameter samples is slightly smaller than the number of collisions simulated per parameter sample.
•We find that consumers can negatively value products like tap and bottled water.•Ignoring negatively values may not reflect consumer sentiments or concerns.•Allowing negative values may improve ...decisions that rely on welfare measures.
Negative willingness to pay (WTP) has received significant attention in the environmental economics literature but generally has been ignored by economists interested in measuring consumer preferences for food and beverages. Most consumer preference studies have focused solely on WTP measures and, in most cases, have treated negative consumer responses to a product as equivalent to consumers simply not wanting to purchase it since both sentiments have a WTP estimate of $0.However, for some goods such as bottled water, this approach can be an oversimplification that fails to reveal consumers’ true sentiments, a problem that is relevant in policy contexts. To test this question, we conduct a randomized controlled study involving 1384 adult consumers that tests how three unconventional elicitation approaches affect estimates of consumer preferences for nearly identical goods: bottled water and tap water. We find that stated values for both types of water differ by treatment and that ignoring negative WTP values upwardly biases the premium consumers are willing to pay for bottled water. Our findings show that allowing negative values of WTP provides more-accurate valuations and measures of differences in valuations for two goods, something that is particularly important for policymaking since consumer valuations can reflect their support for efforts to address externalities associated with consumer goods or may reflect other consumer sentiments, such as food safety concerns.
Abstract
Bayesian parameter estimation provides a systematic approach to compare heavy-ion collision models with measurements, leading to constraints on the properties of nuclear matter with proper ...accounting of experimental and theoretical uncertainties. Aside from statistical and systematic model uncertainties, interpolation uncertainties can also play a role in Bayesian inference, if the model’s predictions can only be calculated at a limited set of model parameters. This uncertainty originates from using an emulator to interpolate the model’s prediction across a continuous space of parameters. In this work, we study the trade-offs between the emulator (interpolation) and statistical uncertainties. We perform the analysis using spatial eccentricities from the T
R
ENTo model of initial conditions for nuclear collisions. Given a fixed computational budget, we study the optimal compromise between the number of parameter samples and the number of collisions simulated per parameter sample. For the observables and parameters used in the present study, we find that the best constraints are achieved when the number of parameter samples is slightly smaller than the number of collisions simulated per parameter sample.
Patient and family engagement (PFE) has been defined as a partnership between patients, families, and health care providers to achieve positive health care outcomes. There is evidence that PFE is ...critical to improving outcomes. We sought to systematically identify and map the evidence on PFE strategies for adults with chronic conditions and identify areas needing more research.
We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane, January 2015 to September 2021 for systematic reviews on strategies for engaging patients with chronic conditions and their caregivers. From each review, we abstracted search dates, number and type of studies, populations, interventions, and outcomes. PFE strategies were categorized into direct patient care, health system, and community-policy level strategies. We found few systematic reviews on strategies at the health system, and none at the community-policy level. In view of this, we also searched for original studies that focused on PFE strategies at those two levels and reviewed the PFE strategies used and study findings.
We found 131 reviews of direct patient care strategies, 5 reviews of health system strategies, and no reviews of community-policy strategies. Four original studies addressed PFE at the health system or community-policy levels. Most direct patient care reviews focused on self-management support (SMS) (n = 85) and shared decision-making (SDM) (n = 43). Forty-nine reviews reported positive effects, 35 reported potential benefits, 37 reported unclear benefits, and 4 reported no benefits. Health system level strategies mainly involved patients and caregivers serving on advisory councils. PFE strategies with the strongest evidence focused on SMS particularly for patients with diabetes. Many SDM reviews reported potential benefits especially for patients with cancer.
Much more evidence exists on the effects of direct patient care strategies on PFE than on the effects of health system or community-policy strategies. Most reviews indicated that direct patient care strategies had positive effects or potential benefits. A limitation of this evidence map is that due to its focus on reviews, which were plentiful, it did not capture details of individual interventions. Nevertheless, this evidence map should help to focus attention on gaps that require more research in efforts to improve PFE.
•Patient and family engagement is important for patient and family-centered care.•Best practices for engagement of pediatric chronic disease are needed.•Direct care strategies focus on ...self-management support and shared decisionmaking.•Asthma is the most frequently studied condition for direct care strategies.•More research on engagement is needed at the health system and community levels.
Patient and family engagement is important for family-centered care, particularly for children and adolescents with chronic disease. We aimed to 1) identify available evidence from systematic reviews on engagement strategies used to help children, adolescents, and their caregivers manage chronic conditions, and 2) identify gaps in the literature.
We searched PubMed and CINAHL from January 2015 to January 2020 for systematic reviews on patient and family engagement strategies in the pediatrics population (<18 years). Strategies were categorized by direct patient care, health system, and community policy levels. We excluded reviews if interventions were unidirectional or without comparison.
We identified 25 systematic reviews. Twenty-two evaluated direct patient care, with 14 (279 unique studies) exclusively in pediatrics and 8 (24 unique studies) that included pediatric results with adults. Three reviews (9 unique studies) evaluated health system strategies. Direct patient care reviews focused on self-management support (n = 16) and shared decisionmaking (n = 6). Asthma was the most frequently evaluated condition (n = 14).
Engagement strategies for children and adolescents with chronic disease are focused on direct patient care, particularly for asthma. More research is needed to address engagement for broader populations, expanded outcomes, and at health system and community levels.
We present a model of the single‐crystal elasticity of olivine with ~9–10 mol% Fe based on all available single‐crystal velocity measurements. A set of finite strain equations of state that account ...for thermoelastic effects is used for fitting the individual elastic moduli at various pressure‐temperature conditions. The same analysis is applied to reanalyze the experimentally determined single‐crystal elastic moduli of hydrous and anhydrous Fe‐bearing wadsleyite. Based on the obtained thermoelastic parameters of individual elastic moduli, we then calculated various elastic anisotropy indices of olivine and wadsleyite and extrapolated them to the pressure‐temperature conditions expected in the Earth's mantle. The results suggest that the elastic anisotropy in the Earth's upper transition zone (410–520 km depth) is likely below the seismic detection limit if it originates primarily from the lattice preferred orientation of wadsleyite crystals. On the other hand, the elastic anisotropy of olivine is still relatively high (~19–25%) at 410 km depth. Thus, if a mantle flow field induces lattice preferred orientation of olivine and wadsleyite near 410 km depth, a reduction of elastic anisotropy is expected across the 410‐km discontinuity.
Key Points
The elastic anisotropy of Fe‐bearing olivine remains nearly constant down to ~180 km depth, then decreases slightly with depth to ~410 km
The elastic anisotropy of Fe‐bearing wadsleyite at transition zone pressures is likely less than half the value at ambient pressure
In addition to a strong isotropic velocity increase, the 410‐km discontinuity could be characterized by a strong decrease of anisotropy
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