Izvantjelesna terapija udarnim valom ima brojne fiziološke učinke, poput smanjenja bola i poticanja cijeljenja tkiva, zbog čega danas ima široku primjenu u mišićno-koštanoj patologiji. Postoje dva ...osnovna oblika udarnog vala, fokusirani i radijalni, a razlikuju se po tome što fokusirani udarni val najveću energiju postiže u žarištu na željenoj dubini, dok se kod radijalnog udarnog vala najveća energija stvara na mjestu ulaska u tretiranu regiju tijela, te slabi daljnjim prodiranjem u tkivo. Sam mehanizam djelovanja udarnog vala nije do kraja razjašnjen, a pretpostavlja se da mehanička stimulacija dovodi do stanične migracije, proliferacije, diferencijacije ili apoptoze stanica, s tim da visoka razina energije može djelovati i razorno, umjesto da posluži kao mehanički stimulus, zbog čega je nužna prilagodba energije, ovisno o tretiranom području. Modulacija bola objašnjava se „gate control“ teorijom i hiperstimulacijskom analgezijom. Osim ustaljenih indikacija poput epikondilitisa, tendinopatija, plantarnog fascitisa, kalcificirajućeg tendinitisa, udarni val danas nalazi sve širu primjenu, te se upotrebljava i u terapiji spasticiteta, poremećenog cijeljenja kosti, kronične križobolje, smrznutog ramena, osteoartritisa koljena, sindroma trkačke potkoljenice, škljocavog prsta, sindroma bolnoga trohantera, te kod sindroma miofascijalne boli. Međutim, potrebno je provesti dodatna istraživanja kako bi se utvrdila stvarna vrijednost i mjesto udarnog vala u liječenju navedenih bolesti i stanja.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy has numerous physical effects, such as pain reduction and tissuehealing induction, which gives its way for therapeutic implementation in various musculoskeletalconditions. There are two main forms of shockwaves, focused and radial, the main difference being thatfocused shockwaves achieve the highest energy at certain tissue depth, while radial shockwaves have thehighest energy at the entry point into the tissue. The underlying mechanism is still not fully elucidated, butit is presumed that mechanical stimuli cause cellular migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.Given in mind that this high energy can be disruptive instead being a mechanical stimulus, which calls forindividual energy adjustment depending on the structure treated. Pain modulation is explained according tothe gate control theory and hyperstimulation analgesia. Besides standard indications such as epicondylitis,tendinopathies, plantar fasciitis and calcific tendinitis, shockwave therapy is nowadays used more broadly,such as for treating spasticity, disrupted bone healing, chronic low back pain, frozen shoulder, kneeosteoarthritis, medial tibial stress syndrome, trigger finger, greater trochanteric pain syndrome andmyofascial pain syndrome. However, further research is needed to determine the exact value and place ofextracorporeal shockwave therapy in treating these conditions.
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•Soil geochemical fingerprints influence transfer and elemental composition of EVOO.•Direct link between elements in provenance soil and EVOO was proven.•Multielement and C isotopic ...composition can be used for authentication of EVOO.
A capacity to determine the provenance of high-value food products is of high scientific and economic interest. With the aim to develop a tool for geographical traceability of Croatian extra virgin olive oils (EVOO), multielement composition and 13C/12C isotope ratio in EVOO as well as the geochemistry of the associated soils were analysed in samples collected from three regions along the Croatian Adriatic coast. Soil geochemistry was shown to influence the transfer and elemental composition of EVOO. The most discriminating variables to distinguish EVOO from different regions were S, Mo, Rb, Mg, Pb, Mn, Sn, K, V and δ13C. The predictive models achieved high sensitivity and specificity, especially when carbon isotope composition was added. The results suggest that interregional geographical traceability of Croatian EVOO is possible based on matching their multielement composition with that of the soils in the provenance area.
