COVID-19 pandemic has disturbed the delivery of health care in almost all countries of the world. This has affected mostly the public health control programs. Because of lock downs, restrictions in ...movement, psychological fear of contacting the disease in health care facilities, diversion of health care workers for containment and management of COVID-19, utilization of diagnostic facilities like CBNAAT machines for COVID work, conversion of hospitals for care of these patients, financial diversion etc has created issues in the NTEP to focuss on TB control in India. Case notification and other areas of the program to achieve End TB by 2025 have suffered. Various ways of overcoming these difficulties have been discussed.
Fuzzy Arbitrary Order System Snehashish Chakraverty, Smita Tapaswini, Diptiranjan Behera
2016, 2016-08-12, 2016-08-09
eBook
Presents a systematic treatment of fuzzy fractional differential equations as well as newly developed computational methods to model uncertain physical problems Complete with comprehensive results ...and solutions, Fuzzy Arbitrary Order System: Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations and Applications details newly developed methods of fuzzy computational techniquesneeded to model solve uncertainty. Fuzzy differential equations are solved via various analytical andnumerical methodologies, and this book presents their importance for problem solving, prototypeengineering design, and systems testing in uncertain environments. In recent years, modeling of differential equations for arbitrary and fractional order systems has been increasing in its applicability, and as such, the authors feature examples from a variety of disciplines to illustrate the practicality and importance of the methods within physics, applied mathematics, engineering, and chemistry, to name a few. The fundamentals of fractional differential equations and the basic preliminaries of fuzzy fractional differential equations are first introduced, followed by numerical solutions, comparisons of various methods, and simulated results. In addition, fuzzy ordinary, partial, linear, and nonlinear fractional differential equations are addressed to solve uncertainty in physical systems. In addition, this book features: * Basic preliminaries of fuzzy set theory, an introduction of fuzzy arbitrary order differential equations, and various analytical and numerical procedures for solving associated problems * Coverage on a variety of fuzzy fractional differential equations including structural, diffusion, and chemical problems as well as heat equations and biomathematical applications * Discussions on how to model physical problems in terms of nonprobabilistic methods and provides systematic coverage of fuzzy fractional differential equations and its applications * Uncertainties in systems and processes with a fuzzy concept Fuzzy Arbitrary Order System: Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations and Applications is an ideal resource for practitioners, researchers, and academicians in applied mathematics, physics, biology, engineering, computer science, and chemistry who need to model uncertain physical phenomena and problems. The book is appropriate for graduate-level courses on fractional differential equations for students majoring in applied mathematics, engineering, physics, and computer science.
The inverse spinel nickel aluminate micro-particles was successfully synthesized via solid-state synthesis techniques. The single phase cubic structure with space group Fd3m of the as-prepared sample ...was entrenched from Rietveld refinement of x-ray diffraction pattern. In addition, the photoluminescence (PL) and FTIR spectra were also performed to give strong evidence of its pure phase formation. The narrow hysteresis m-h loop and UV-DRS spectra at room temperature demonstrate its weak ferromagnetic and semiconducting nature with saturation magnetization 64.96 × 10−3 emu gm−1 and direct optical band gap 2.03 eV respectively. The high-resolution FESEM micrographs and EDS elemental analysis exhibit its grain growth in µm range (217 µm) and presence of elemental compound Ni, Al and O respectively. The electrical transport properties were accomplished by complex impedance spectroscopy as a function of frequency (100 Hz-1 MHz) with the evolution of high temperature (300 °C-500 °C). The Nyquist plots (Z″ versus Z′) were well fitted with an equivalent circuit model (QR) (QR) consisting of a series combination of intra and inter-granular contribution. Furthermore, the imaginary modulus spectra were also fitted with Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function, which represents two thermally activated peaks of grain and grain boundary effects. The low-frequency dispersive ac conductivity was elucidated using the following equation: . The increasing nature of temperature dependent frequency exponent (n) suggests the quantum mechanical tunneling: non-overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) concept for conduction mechanism. In low-frequency region, the lattice and charge carrier polarization simultaneously contribute in dielectric permittivity.
•Study exposes evolution of grain and interfaces effect on bulk CoFe2O4.•Grain effects are dominated at lower temperature.•Interfacial polarization played important role at high temperature.•Multi ...oxidation states of Fe and Co regulates permittivity and conductivity.
Cobalt ferrite synthesized by a conventional ceramic route had confirmed its single phase from XRD pattern and well grain growth of micrometer range was found in SEM image. The study exposes for first time, the evolution of grains and interfaces (grain boundaries and electrode contact) effect in bulk CoFe2O4 in the temperature range 30°C–250°C as a function of frequencies varying from 100Hz–1MHz. The low temperature (<75°C) relaxation peak appears in imaginary impedance plot attributes to grain effect. Two sets of coexistence of peaks is observed at elevated temperature range. The coexistence is related to grains and grain boundaries found in temperature domain 75°C⩽T⩽175°C and again grain boundaries and electrode effect in domain 200°C⩽T⩽250°C. The Nyquist diagram shows three distinct semicircles at 175°C and 200°C. The impedance behavior has been modeled with equivalent circuit of RC–RC–RQ for T⩽175°C and RC–RQ–RQ for T⩾200°C. The stretching exponential factor β calculated from the well fitted double peaks of imaginary electric modulus spectra with KWW (Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts) function of bulk cobalt ferrite, is reported first time in our work. We found βg=0.62 and βgb=0.86 for grains and grain boundaries respectively. The Maxwell–Wagner polarization is responsible for the dielectric behavior. The high permittivity and conductivity has been explained by the help of exchange interaction of variable oxidation states of iron and cobalt ions.
Full-potential, linearized augmented plane wave approach (FP LAPW), as employed in Wien2K code was utilized to analyze structural, elastic, optoelectronic, and transport features of NaCaSb and KCaSb ...half–Heusler (HH) compounds. Generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was considered for structural optimization. The predicted lattice constants are in line with the prior theoretical and experimental findings. The examined NaCaSb and KCaSb compounds are inherently ductile and mechanically stable. The investigated HHs are semiconductors with a band gap 1.27 and 1.23 eV for NaCaSb and KCaSb, respectively, in the modified Becke–Johnson (mBJ) approximation. Calculated optical characteristics of NaCaSb and KCaSb point to their potential applicability in optoelectronic devices. Thermoelectric features were analyzed employing the Boltzmann transport provided in the BoltzTraP software. At room temperature, the significant figure of merit (ZT) values indicates that the investigated NaCaSb and KCaSb can be used for fabricating thermoelectric devices with the highest possible efficiency.
The authors have highlighted the discovery of the TB bacillus, discovery of BCG vaccine, discovery of various anti-TB drugs, the contribution of Tuberculosis Research Center (now, ICMR-National ...Institute for Research in Tuberculosis), Chennai, in the area of TB control, in particular the utility of ambulatory and domiciliary treatment of TB which is equally effective. Indices such as prevalence of infection, incidence of infection, and the annual risk of infection (ARI) have also been explained in detail. A separate chapter is on the management of MDR-TB in special situations like pregnancy, breast feeding issues, contraception, children, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, liver disorders, seizure disorders, substance dependence and psychosis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by the auto combustion method.•Dielectric relaxation was explained by impedance spectroscopy.•Interfacial polarization plays important role in cobalt ferrite ...nanoparticles.•Overlap large polaron tunneling conduction is responsible for ac conductivity.•DC conductivity is mainly due to the small polaron conduction.
The electric transport behavior of nano cobalt ferrite was studied in details within frequency window of 100Hz and 1MHz in the range of temperature of 25–200°C. No grain relaxation was observed whereas interfaces (grain boundary and electrode surface contact) became the dominant conduction regions. Both ac and dc conduction mechanism was investigated thoroughly. Overlapping of large polaron tunneling (OLPT) mechanism was found to be responsible for ac conduction process. The value obtained for mobility (10−10cm2/Vs) of charge carriers indicated the possible small polaron hopping for dc conduction process. The dc resistivity data was fitted with Mott and Davis model and the derived parameters confirmed the dc conduction of non-adiabatic nature which was due to small polaron hopping in nano cobalt ferrite.
With the threats of climate change, the forest cover in India necessitates the study of its survival probability and the precipitation thresholds value trigger life form regime shift. With a ...mega-biodiversity ecosystem, the assessment of forest cover resilience will enhance the effectiveness of climate adaptive conservation strategies. In the current study, we have used an open source tree canopy cover percentage (TCC %) data to map the spatial distribution of forest, scrub, grassland and treeless, and to relate with long term annual precipitation. The natural occurrences forest, scrub, grassland and treeless were identified in the precipitation ranges as 340–8650 mm, 196–1018 mm, 167–995 mm, and 34–965 mm precipitation, respectively; whereas their mean values were observed as 1952 mm, 779 mm, 760 mm, and 322 mm respectively. We applied binary logistic regression with the binary presence and absence of life forms, and used the probability value to define the resilience state and precipitation thresholds. Only 0.02% of the total forest covers in India are estimated least resilient observed in the dry regions in the trans-Himalaya. Whereas, the forest covers in the wet climate regimes as the Western Ghats, Western Himalaya, Eastern Ghats and North-East (NE) India are predicted highly resilient. The forest cover resilience curve saturates about 1400 mm precipitation, indicating majority forest covers in India are extremely resilient that can withstand large precipitation alterations in addition to the shorter drought periods. However, the TCC % loss and gain during 2000–2017 were observed dominantly in highly resilient forest covers areas may be indicating its anthropogenic origin. The precipitation thresholds of each life forms and forest cover resilience are critically important in ecological research. Moreover, the spatially explicit forest cover resilience map offers to integrate with other spatial and non-spatial data to frame uniform and improved conservation and management policies in India under the threats to climate alteration.
In this present work, the bulk NdCoO
3
was prepared via conventional solid-state synthesis route and its single-phase formation with a cubic crystal structure of space group Pm
3
¯
m No. 221 were ...investigated with a perspective to understand its grain and grain-boundary contribution in dielectric and conduction processes. A general equation for grain and grain-boundary contribution in conduction-modified dielectric relaxation processes for ionically conducting material was proposed the first time and also correlated with our experimental observation,
ϵ
ω
t
o
t
a
l
=
ϵ
∞
+
ϵ
s
-
ϵ
∞
1
+
i
ω
ω
r
1
-
α
+
σ
0
ϵ
0
ω
1
+
i
ω
ω
h
n
1
+
i
ω
ω
h
n
2
where (
ω
r
,
α
), (
ω
h
,
n
1
) and (
ω
h
,
n
2
) couples explain the lattice and charge carriers responses for grain and grain boundary respectively. The relaxation-type conduction-modified dielectric behavior was observed from low to high-frequency region (100 Hz–1 MHz) and fitted conduction spectra with modified Jonscher power law which reveals the existence of grain and grain boundary effect with dc activation energy 0.86 eV. The impedance response was resolved into two contributions associated with intra-grain (bulk) and inter-grains (grain boundary) and the grain boundary resistance and capacitance exhibit a higher value than its grain counterparts. The suppressed and asymmetric semicircle in the Cole–Cole plot of impedance confirms the existence of the non-Debye-type of relaxation in NdCoO
3
.
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