Pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) owns a pleasant colour, good sensory attributes, high nutritional value, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and medicinal properties. Cultivation of different types ...of mushroom has been accepted as a short-term income generating avenue under crop production for livelihood of the farmers. The present study was carried out to assess the nutritional quality, anti-oxidant activities and economic benefits of pink oyster mushroom at Research farm of G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2015–18. The fresh whole mushroom was assessed for yield and physical parameters. It was exposed to 60±20C temperature for 8 h to prepare dried mushroom powder. The dried powder was used for proximate composition analysis and anti-oxidant activity study. The cost to benefit ratio was calculated on the basis of gross expenditure and net profit incurred in the trial field. The high contents of protein, fat and carbohydrate along with good anti-oxidant property and biological efficiency revealed the mushroom as a rich source of quality nutrients. The yield of 740.60 g/kg wheat straw withbenefit to cost ratio of 2.60 depicted economical viability of mushroom farming. The study concludes that, pink oyster mushroom farming can be explored for nutritional security in alleviating the malnutrition with economic benefits to the farmers in Uttarakhand.
Competition between ground states at phase boundaries can lead to significant changes in properties under stimuli, particularly when these ground states have different crystal symmetries. A key ...challenge is to stabilize and control the coexistence of symmetry-distinct phases. Using BiFeO
layers confined between layers of dielectric TbScO
as a model system, we stabilize the mixed-phase coexistence of centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric BiFeO
phases at room temperature with antipolar, insulating and polar semiconducting behaviour, respectively. Application of orthogonal in-plane electric (polar) fields results in reversible non-volatile interconversion between the two phases, hence removing and introducing centrosymmetry. Counterintuitively, we find that an electric field 'erases' polarization, resulting from the anisotropy in octahedral tilts introduced by the interweaving TbScO
layers. Consequently, this interconversion between centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric phases generates changes in the non-linear optical response of over three orders of magnitude, resistivity of over five orders of magnitude and control of microscopic polar order. Our work establishes a platform for cross-functional devices that take advantage of changes in optical, electrical and ferroic responses, and demonstrates octahedral tilts as an important order parameter in materials interface design.
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
(EHP) is an emerging microsporidian pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. In the present study, prevalence rate of EHP in cultured
Litopenaeus vennamei
from West Bengal, east ...coast of India, was investigated. Histology of hepatopancreas of the infected animals showed eosinophilic to basophilic inclusions in the epithelial cells with moderate necrotic tubular detachment from the basal membrane. Extracted DNA from the hepatopancreatic tissues were subjected to PCR by using two different sets of primers targeting the ssu rRNA genes. An expected PCR product of 951 and 510 bp were yielded for the EHP-positive shrimp samples. Based on the BLASTP, the sequence of ssu rRNA gene (KU179095) of the collected samples showed 100% homology with EHP ssu rRNA gene sequences submitted in NCBI from different countries viz. Vietnam, Thailand, China and India. Further, all the field samples were found to be EHP+ by using a new second-generation primer targeting the spore wall protein gene (SWP) of EHP. For detection of EHP, 119 samples from East Midnapur district, 50 samples from North 24 Parganas district and 50 Samples from South 24 Parganas district were being screened. Overall prevalence rate of EHP in the cultured
L. vennamei
farm in West Bengal was estimated to be 84.9%, which was highest in comparison to earlier reports in India. Our finding showed that EHP could be detected from slow growing shrimps as well as in some cases from White Faeces Syndrome-affected animals. This is the first report on the occurrence of
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
in cultured
L. vannamei
in West Bengal, east coast of India.
Intensive fish farming systems have led to increase in disease incidence, due to higher stocking density, high organic matter levels, and poor quality of the aquatic environment. Diseased fish ...samples showing hemorrhages and reddish lesions were collected from different freshwater fish farms located at three different districts of West Bengal, India (Burdwan, North 24 Parganas, and Nadia). The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten different
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains isolated from different infected freshwater fish samples based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Primarily,
Klebsiella
-specific media was used for the isolation and characterization of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Further, through a biochemical test, all the strains were confirmed as
K. pneumoniae
. PCR analysis of 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (PCR ribotyping) was carried out to study the species variation within different
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates. For all the isolates, a conserved PCR ribotype pattern was observed while differing from other bacterial species. Phylogenetic study showed the high degree of homology with diverse source of other strains. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) values of the present study for the isolates were found to be 0.468. MAR value above 0.2 indicates that the source of isolation was highly contaminated with antibiotics. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the present study revealed the genetic diversity of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolated from the different diseased fish farms of West Bengal. All the strains were found to be hypermucoviscous and multidrug-resistant, thus making it pathogenic towards the host organisms. Further, the study revealed a high prevalence of
K. pneumoniae
in aquaculture farms, representing a risk towards successful aquaculture.
Removal of Bromocresol green (BCG) dye from aqueous solution has been investigated using activated bio-sorbent Phragmites karka (PK). Batch adsorption method has been adopted and different parameters ...such as; pH of the solution, contact time, agitation speed, APK/BCG dose and temperature has been studied. From the resulted adsorption data the process is optimised and the transportation mechanism of BCG onto APK phase is proposed. In this study the bio-adsorbent PK is charred using H2SO4 to produce activated Phragmites karka (APK) which appears as an effective adsorbent on enhancing the loading efficiency of BCG than PK without activation. The BCG adsorption efficiency is increased from 16.05 to 84.2 % with increasing in acidity of the solution and maximized at pH 0.5 of solution. Maximum loading capacity of 392.3 mg/g is resulted using APK as adsorbent while removing BCG at ambient condition. The PK, APK, BCG loaded APK, and BCG are characterized by SEM, UV-vis and FTIR to ascertain the adsorption process as well as mechanism. The absorption peak obtained at 3450 cm-1 due to ν (O-Hstr) of BCG was shifted to a broad band at 3270 cm-1 shows the conjugation of BCG on surface of the APK, confirming the transporation of BCG to APK Phase as resulted from FTIR analysis. From the adsorption kinetics study, the rate of BCG adsorption shows well fit to the pseudo second order model than pseudo first order kinetic model. The positive value of, ∆Ho 2.49 kJ/ mole obtained by thermodynamic study reveals the endothermic nature of adsorption and and ∆So 24.87 J.K-1mol-1 shows the increase in degrees of freedom of BCG during adsorption. Equilibrium data are analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkins adsorption isotherm to establish adsorption mechanism and the results shows best fit with Freundlich (R2=0.99) isotherm and reveals that the adsorption is of chemisorptions type.
Application of ultrasound and microwave assisted technology on the dissolution of neodymium (Nd) from waste magnet using organic reagent (s) was investigated. Amongst all the organic solvents, acetic ...acid appears to be effective while yielding higher Nd leaching efficiency. The characteristics pattern of XRD and SEM-EDAX study ascertained the magnet waste phase as Nd-Fe-B. Factors influencing the leaching of Nd such as time (0-5 h), CH3COOH (0.1–0.5 M), ultrasound power (0 W–120 W), pulp density(S/L) (1–5%) and microwave power (450-900 W) have been studied. Quantitative (~99.99%) Nd recovery was achieved under optimum ultrasound assisted leaching condition; time: 120 min, ultrasound power: 90 W, CH3COOH: 0.4 M and particle size range: 75–106 μm. Almost all Nd dissolution was attained at the suitable MW power of 900 W leading to reduce leaching time by 120 min than the regular mechanical stirring leaching (65.03% Nd resulted in 240 min). The enhancement of Nd leaching was mainly due to unique cavitation action of ultrasoundation and high heating energy produced from microwave to break the solid matrix of waste magnet, leading to diffuse the Nd metal ion into lixivaint phase as ascertained from SEM results of the magnet waste sample before and after ultrasound wave / microwave treatment.
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•Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted leaching study for recovery of Nd from magnet waste.•Leaching study of Nd was carried out by adopting various organic green solvents.•Sonication/microwave found be key on yielding high Nd leaching than regular process.•Nd leaching maximized by dil.CH3COOH at mild ultrasonic power (90 W) with 900watt MW.•Proposed process is an environmental-friendly, low cost and highly efficient approach.
There is a serious environmental concern being encountered for increase in the rate of water pollution occurs by the contamination of several industrial discharges. The key issue of the contamination ...water is owing to the content of various non degradable toxic components in it which lead to cause life threatening to both plants and animal lives. In particular, the industrial effluent bears substantial amount of waste dyes, pesticides and pharmaceuticals wastes and those are carcinogenic in nature. This review is an attempt to cover the adoption of various activated sorbents including, charcoal, activated carbon, clay materials, organic extracts of the plants and nanomaterials for sorption studies of waste contaminates from the different kinds of waste water. The origin of organic pollutants, their nature, development of numerous activated adsorbents, characteristics properties of the sorbents and their suitable adoption for removal of contaminates is systematically discussed. The significance of the sorption mechanism accomplishing the kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics on interaction of the adsorbents with organic pollutants are extensively described and reported.
Cotarnine is an important organic molecule having tetrahydroisoquinoline core. Cotarnine core exhibits very important biological property. Its biological property changes by correct functionalization ...of core structure to form new molecules. Herein we describe the developments of chemistry of cotarnine and its derivatives in terms of property, synthesis, reactivity and biological application from scratch to complex core. This review will update the information about cotarnine chemistry and its application for synthesis of different bioactive product.
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•Cotarnine skeleton in tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids.•Synthesis, reactivity and biological activity of cotarnine and its analog.•Chemistry of cotarnine skeleton in noscapine and noscapinoids.•Expansion and functionalization of cotarnine ring in noscapine.•Functionalization of cotarnine and chiral semi-cotarnine.
This paper is an attempt to investigate the mineral matter constituents in Permian coals of Mahanadi basin, India. Twenty two bulk samples from the working mines have been selected for the study. ...Analytical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with coal microscopy have been used in this study for rapid characterization. The chief mineral phases are quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, muscovite, and chlorite in order of increasing abundance in all the samples. Petrographic analysis reveal the dominance of Vitrinite (36.17%) followed by the Inertinite (32.33%), Liptinite (14.30%) group of macerals and mineral matter (17.18%). Mineral matter in the voids and cell lumens is common mode of occurrence in the coals which can be attributed to syngenetic and epigenetic types. The proximate analysis suggest the coals have high ash yield (8.37% to 38.46% on air dried basis) with high volatile matter (10.8% to 35.51% on air dried basis) making it suitable for thermal power plants.
The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) collaboration has chosen glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as the active detector elements for the Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) experiment. In the present ...work, we study the electrical properties such as bulk resistivity and relative permittivity of the glasses from two different manufacturers and compared the performances of RPCs built using these glasses. We conclude that the glass electrodes with larger bulk resistivity and permittivity are better suited for manufacturing RPCs for the ICAL experiment, as these detectors could be operated at lower bias currents and voltages, and produce better time resolution compared to those built with glass electrodes of smaller bulk resistivity and permittivity.
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