Abiotic release of nitrous acid (HONO) in equilibrium with soil nitrite (NO 2 - ) was suggested as an important contributor to the missing source of atmospheric HONO and hydroxyl radicals (OH). The ...role of total soil-derived HONO in the biogeochemical and atmospheric nitrogen cycles, however, has remained unknown. In laboratory experiments, we found that for nonacidic soils from arid and arable areas, reactive nitrogen emitted as HONO is comparable with emissions of nitric oxide (NO). We show that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria can directly release HONO in quantities larger than expected from the acid-base and Henry's law equilibria of the aqueous phase in soil. This component of the nitrogen cycle constitutes an additional loss term for fixed nitrogen in soils and a source for reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere.
A treatment program was set up to minimize mutilation in children with rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) in the otorhinolaryngeal region, the urogenital tract, and other regions where surgery and radiotherapy ...(RT) could be mutilating. The primary treatment was chemotherapy with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide, and each patient was assessed individually to determine whether supplementary treatment was needed. The initial results were so promising that a controlled clinical trial was undertaken by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology to compare the effects of chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy and RT on the original tumor volume. At present, the place of irradiation in the treatment of RMS remains uncertain. It is unavoidable only in those patients who are likely to develop intracranial extension, because chemotherapeutic agents do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Summary
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and a member of the genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae. Infection usually leads to acute hepatitis that can ...become fulminant, particularly among pregnant women and in patients with preexisting liver disease, or may evolve to a chronic state, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. HEV has been shown to produce a range of extra‐hepatic manifestations including aplastic anaemia, acute thyroiditis, glomerulonephritis as well as neurological disorders such as Guillain‐Barré syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy and encephalitis. The pathogenesis of these neurological injuries remains largely unknown, and it is also uncertain whether or not HEV can directly infect neuronal cells. In this study, we investigated whether HEV is capable of completing the viral life cycle in human neuronal‐derived cell lines such as neuroepithelioma (SK‐N‐MC), desmoplastic cerebellar medulloblastoma (DAOY), glioblastoma multiforme (DBTRG), glioblastoma astrocytoma (U‐373 MG) and oligodendrocytic (M03.13) cells. Following transfection of these cells with HEV Gaussia luciferase reporter virus, all tested cell lines supported HEV RNA replication. Furthermore, extra‐ and intracellular viral capsid was detected by an HEV antigen ELISA as a marker for virus assembly and release. Permissiveness for HEV cell entry could be demonstrated for the oligodendrocytic cell line M03.13. In conclusion, these results indicate that HEV tropism is not restricted to the liver and HEV can potentially complete the full viral life cycle in neuronal‐derived tissues explaining neurologic disorders during HEV infection.
Especially in children the frequency of oral complications associated with cancer chemotherapy is high. The dentist plays an important role in preventing or reducing these sometimes life-threatening ...problems. Oral symptoms of the underlying disease, oral sequelae from chemotherapy, patient-related factors and a preventive oral care program will be discussed.
Buffer strips can be an effective tool to reduce non-point pollution from agricultural areas and to enrich the structure of river banks. The different functions of buffer strips can be accomplished ...only if their arrangement agree with the specific conditions along the river banks. The proposual conception for the recommendation of buffer strips is divided into two parts, the analysis of the site conditions and the recommendation of the arrangement. According to this conception the buffer strips can be realized by combination of 9 different modules. This modular procedure combines high flexibility of the arrangement of buffer strips with efficient standardization.
Gewaesserrandstreifen bieten sich an, um die diffusen Stoffeintraege aus den angrenzenden landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflaechen zu vermindern und die Struktur der Uferzonen zu bereichern. Die verschiedenen Funktionen, die Gewaesserrandstreifen uebernehmen koennen, sind aber nur dann zufriedenstellend erfuellbar, wenn ihre Gestaltung an die unterschiedlichen Standortbedingungen angepasst wird. Hierzu wurde ein Konzept entwickelt, das aus den beiden Teilen Standortanalyse und variable Gestaltung besteht. Intern werden 9 verschiedene Module unterschieden, mit denen sich die wesentlichen Funktionen von Gewaesserrandstreifen erfuellen lassen. Durch die modulare Vorgehensweise wird eine hohe Flexibilitaet bei der Gestaltung der Gewaesserrandstreifen mit einer arbeitstechnisch sinnvollen Standardisierung gekoppelt.
Tissue remodeling processes critically depend on the timely removal and remodeling of preexisting collagen scaffolds. Nevertheless, many aspects related to the turnover of this abundant extracellular ...matrix component in vivo are still incompletely understood. We therefore took advantage of recent advances in optical imaging to develop an assay to visualize collagen turnover in situ and identify cell types and molecules involved in this process. Collagen introduced into the dermis of mice underwent cellular endocytosis in a partially matrix metalloproteinase-dependent manner and was subsequently routed to lysosomes for complete degradation. Collagen uptake was predominantly executed by a quantitatively minor population of M2-like macrophages, whereas more abundant Col1a1-expressing fibroblasts and Cx3cr1-expressing macrophages internalized collagen at lower levels. Genetic ablation of the collagen receptors mannose receptor (Mrc1) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (Endo180 and Mrc2) impaired this intracellular collagen degradation pathway. This study demonstrates the importance of receptor-mediated cellular uptake to collagen turnover in vivo and identifies a key role of M2-like macrophages in this process.
The blasts of 37 adult and 126 childhood cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were characterized with a panel of xeno-antisera and rosette tests. The Orthoclone monoclonal antibodies (OK ...series) were applied as well. Like other investigators, we were able to distinguish 4 major classes of ALL: T-ALL, common-ALL with the subclass pre-B-ALL, null-ALL, and B-ALL. We did not encounter a common-ALL antigen-positive T-ALL subclass. In both adult and childhood ALL, all classes were present, and in about the same frequency as reported by others. In children, common-ALL was the most frequent (66%); in adults, null-ALL (38%). T-ALL was seen both in adults and in children with about the same frequency (27 and 23%, respectively). We found pre-B-ALL only in children. Patients with B-ALL comprised the smallest group in both adult and children (8 and 1.5%, respectively). The application of the OKT antibodies led to recognition of 3 major subclasses of T-ALL: an immature, a common thymocyte and a mature thymocyte subclass. These antibodies were helpful in defining a better classification of null-ALL. With regard to remission induction and prognosis in adult ALL, complete remissions were always obtained in T-ALL, followed by 70% of complete remissions in common-ALL. The worst prognosis was encountered in null-ALL and B-ALL, with 50 and 0% remission, respectively, and a shorter survival in null-ALL of those patients who achieved complete remission. Thus, in high number of cases of null-ALL in adults partly explains the generally much worse prognosis for adult ALL.
Cellular and molecular biological aspects in environmental toxicology Schlipköter, H W; Abel, J; Behrendt, H ...
Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Serie B, Umwelthygiene, Krankenhaushygiene, Arbeitshygiene, praventive Medizin
182, Številka:
5-6
Journal Article
Health effects of substances in the environment are considered from the viewpoint of cellular and molecular biology. There are nephrotoxic effects of cadmium to be discussed as well as mechanisms of ...carcinogenesis and neurotoxicity. Finally, the influences of noxious substances on lung clearance and immune reactions are demonstrated.
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