Visual search in natural scenes is a complex task relying on peripheral vision to detect potential targets and central vision to verify them. The segregation of the visual fields has been ...particularly established by on-screen experiments. We conducted a gaze-contingent experiment in virtual reality in order to test how the perceived roles of central and peripheral visions translated to more natural settings. The use of everyday scenes in virtual reality allowed us to study visual attention by implementing a fairly ecological protocol that cannot be implemented in the real world. Central or peripheral vision was masked during visual search, with target objects selected according to scene semantic rules. Analyzing the resulting search behavior, we found that target objects that were not spatially constrained to a probable location within the scene impacted search measures negatively. Our results diverge from on-screen studies in that search performances were only slightly affected by central vision loss. In particular, a central mask did not impact verification times when the target was grammatically constrained to an anchor object. Our findings demonstrates that the role of central vision (up to 6 degrees of eccentricities) in identifying objects in natural scenes seems to be minor, while the role of peripheral preprocessing of targets in immersive real-world searches may have been underestimated by on-screen experiments.
We outline a network method to synthesize a literature overview from search results obtained by multiple team members. Several network statistics are used to create a single representativeness ...ranking. We illustrate the method with the dispersed literature on a common misinterpretation of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The network method yields a top ten list of the most relevant articles that students and researchers can take as a point of departure for a more detailed study on this topic. The proposed methodology is implemented in Shiny, an open-source R package.
This commentary on Schönbrodt et al. (2022) and Gärtner et al. (2022) aims at complementing the ideas regarding an implementation of DORA for the domain of teaching. As there is neither a ...comprehensive assessment system based on empirical data nor a competence model for teaching competencies available, yet, we describe some pragmatic ideas for indicators of good teaching and formulate desiderates for future research programs and validation.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, ...and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data.
Glycolysis is known to be the primary energy source in most cancer cells. We investigated here the effect of clotrimazole (1-(α-2-chlorotrityl)imidazole), the antifungal azole derivative, which was ...recently recognized as calmodulin antagonist, on the levels of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, the two stimulatory signal molecules of glycolysis, and on ATP content and cell viability in LL/2 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells. We found that clotrimazole induced a significant, dose- and time-dependent reduction in the levels of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, ATP, and cell viability. These findings suggest that clotrimazole causes a reduction in glycolysis and ATP levels, which eventually leads to cell destruction after 3 h of treatment. Since cell proliferation was also reported to be inhibited by calmodulin antagonists, this substance is most promising agent in treatment of cancer by inhibiting both cell proliferation and the glycolytic supply of ATP required for cancer cell growth.
Cancer cells are characterized by a high rate of glycolysis, which is their primary energy source. Glycolysis is known to be controlled by allosteric regulators, as well as by reversible binding of ...glycolytic enzymes to cytoskeleton. We report here that clotrimazole (l-(α-2-chlorotrityl)imidazole), the antifungal azole derivative, which was recently recognized as calmodulin antagonist, induced a dose-dependent detachment of the glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (ATP:
d-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) and aldolase (
d-fructose-l,6-bisphosphate
d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13), from cytoskeleton of LL/2 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells. The detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton would reduce the provision of local ATP, in the vicinity of the cytoskeleton membrane, and would also affect cytoskeleton structure and cell shape. We show here that clotrimazole decreased the viability of LL/2 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells. After 3
h of incubation with clotrimazole, complete cell destruction was detected. Ultrastructural cell damage was manifested by disintegration of the outer membrane by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton, induced by clotrimazole, preceded the decrease in cell viability, which indicates that this is an early effect and not a result of cell death. Since the cytoskeleton is being recognized as an important modulator of cell function, proliferation, differentiation, and neoplasia, detachment of the glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton induced by clotrimazole, as well as its reported inhibitory action on cell proliferation, makes this drug the most promising agent in the treatment of cancer.
Cancer cells are characterized by a high rate of glycolysis. Hexokinase (ATP: d-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1), the only glycolytic enzyme which binds to mitochondria, is exceptionally high ...in cancer cells, and believed to play a key role in regulating cell energy metabolism and cancer cell growth rate. We have previously found that clotrimazole (1-(α-2-chlorotrityl)imidazole) and bifonazole (1-(α-biphenyl-4-ylbenzyl)imidazole), the antifungal azole derivatives, which were recently recognized as calmodulin antagonists, are calmodulin antagonists which most effectively reduce glycolysis and ATP level in B16 melanoma cells. They act through allosteric regulation and detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton. Here we report of a novel, additional, mechanism of action of these drugs. We show that they induce a dose-dependent detachment of hexokinase from mitochondria of B16 melanoma cells. This effect preceded the decrease in cell viability. These results suggest that clotrimazole and bifonazole may be promising drugs in treatment of melanoma.
Glycolysis is known to be the primary energy source in cancer cells. Hexokinase (ATP:
D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1), the only glycolytic enzyme which binds to mitochondria, is ...exceptionally high in cancer cells, and believed to play a key role in regulating cell energy metabolism and cancer cell growth rate. We show here that lithium induces a detachment of hexokinase from mitochondria of B16 melanoma cells. This effect eventually leads to inhibition of cell proliferation. These results reveal a novel, additional, mechanism of action of lithium and suggest that lithium may be promising drug in treatment of melanoma.
Objective: The main aim of the European Union project NetWoRM (Net-based training for Work-Related Medicine) is an international case-bas e-learning curriculum for occupational médiane (OM). Methods: ...To improve teaching in OM, web-based cases have been created and implemented at the University of Munich since 1999. In the last 5 years, theprqject has beenfurther developed with a view to implement the methods internationally. Results: Overall, 26 cases were developed in a standard English version and 10 cases each were made available for several national European curricula. The evaluation of cases showed easiness in accepting the cases and high level of interest in working with them. Conclusions: Case-based e-learning on an international platform is a unique tool, which supports the quality improvemen of education and training in OM throughout Europe in the longer term.
PDF
