The contribution discusses the medieval beginnings of the settlement and castle of Ljutomer as well as of the noble families that resided in it during that period. The article draws on analysed ...sources and the existing Slovenian and Austrian literature. The beginnings of (originally Salzburg-owned) Ljutomer date to the thirteenth century, when the first data emerge regarding both the market town and the castle. The market town first appears in the land register of the Bohemian king Ottokar II Přemysl (the then Styrian duke) as early as 1265. Over the following decades, Ljutomer passed through the hands of various Styrian dukes from the Habsburg dynasty. The residents of the castle apparently played no notable part in the Styrian provincial politics. From the thirteenth century onwards, many vineyards of various owners dotted the hills around Ljutomer.
Ljutomer in the Middle Ages Bele, Martin
Kronika (Ljubljana),
11/2022, Letnik:
70, Številka:
3
Journal Article
The contribution discusses the medieval beginnings of the settlement and castle of Ljutomer as well as of the noble families that resided in it during that period. The article draws on analysed ...sources and the existing Slovenian and Austrian literature. The beginnings of (originally Salzburg-owned) Ljutomer date to the thirteenth century, when the first data emerge regarding both the market town and the castle. The market town first appears in the land register of the Bohemian king Ottokar II Přemysl (the then Styrian duke) as early as 1265. Over the following decades, Ljutomer passed through the hands of various Styrian dukes from the Habsburg dynasty. The residents of the castle apparently played no notable part in the Styrian provincial politics. From the thirteenth century onwards, many vineyards of various owners dotted the hills around Ljutomer.
Tema raziskave so deželni zbori, ki so se na Štajerskem dogajali med letoma 1246 in 1311. Tam so se zbirali plemiči, ki so bili člani štajerske deželne zveze. Reševali so medsebojne spore ter ...razpravljali o odprtih vprašanjih. V obravnavanem času se je odvilo 39 deželnih zborov, ki jih lahko zasledimo v virih. Sodelovali so plemiči iz celotne vojvodine, pa tudi od drugod. Namen raziskave je bil predstaviti deželne zbore glede na geografski izvor udeležencev ter izpostaviti udeležence iz današnje slovenske Štajerske.
Članek se ukvarja s pregledom in obravnavo političnega dogajanja na področju današnje slovenske Štajerske v sredini 13. stoletja. Njegov namen je razkriti in opisati politično participacijo članov ...takratnih najmočnejših spodnještajerskih rodbin v času, ko je bilo stanje v vsej vojvodini precej kaotično in politično nestabilno. Do odgovorov pridemo z analizo do danes ohranjenih pisnih virov, v prvi vrsti raznovrstnih listin ter t. i. Avstrijske rimane kronike Otokarja iz Geule. Med vsemi tedaj na spodnjem Štajerskem delujočimi rodbinami moremo kot dejavno in uspešno izpostaviti predvsem rodbino Ptujskih, poleg njih pa tudi Mariborskih, Marenberških in Vuzeniških.
V članku so analizirani viri in literatura v zvezi z začetki limbuškega gospostva, tamkajšnje rodbine ter njenega gradu. Najprej je obravnavan (ne popolnoma jasen) izvor rodbine gospodov Limbuških, ...zatem je razčlenjeno njihovo politično delovanje. Kar se tiče njihovega izvora, je v že v preteklosti prihajalo do nasprotujočih si zaključkov. Te avtor v pričujočem članku pretrese in predstavi svoje ugotovitve. Nato opiše politične in vojaške aktivnosti različnih članov limbuške rodbine ter njihove sorodstvene povezave z drugimi rodbinami tedanje vojvodine Štajerske.
Prispevekpredstavlja izvor, zgodnje delovanje ter dosežke rodbine Viltuških - stranske veje rodbine Mariborskih. V času nastanka rodbine je bilo politično stanje na območju današnje slovenske ...Štajerskeprecej nestabilno. Razlog za toje bil tudi v tem, daje vojvodina štajerska konec 12. stoletja dobila novega gospodarja - dinastijo Babenberžanov. Za Viltuške, ki so bili deželnoknežji ministeriali, je bilo to velikegapomena, čeprav viri kažejo, da se jim v 13. stoletju ni uspelo prebiti do vidnejšegapoložaja na deželni ravni. Rekonstrukcijo dogajanja je omogočila analiza ohranjenih pisnih virov, zlasti Avstrijske rimane kronike in številnih listin.
In 1246, the Austrian-Styrian Duke Frederick II, the last male member of the Babenberg House, who had reigned over the Duchy of Styria for more than half a century and over the Duchy of Austria even ...270 years, died in a fight. Twenty-three years after Frederick's death also Ulrich III of Spanheim, the last Duke of Carinthia, died, who apart from the Carinthian ducal title had also held a large part of Carniola in his hands. The end of the two dynasties immediately triggered a fight for their heritage in the wider area of the Eastern Alps, which with longer and shorter interruptions lasted until 1311 (or even 1335). There were many competitors. In most cases, they disappeared from the political scene one after another without any realistic chances to sufficiently strengthen their positions in Austria and Styria and to take over power there. The most successful of all were the Hungarian King Bela IV and the Bohemian King Ottokar II Přemysl, who due to their authoritarian reign managed to completely turn the Styrian nobility away from them; moreover, the Styrian nobility turned against them in both cases. Finally, in the large part of the region the Habsburgs strengthened their position. Their success was based on the political moves made by Rudolph I and his son Albert I. Rudolph and Albert were due to the circumstances in their time (1273-1308) forced to act more lenient than their predecessors, as they lacked a huge military force to back them up, for which reason they were forced to ask the Styrians for it. At the time of the extinction of the Styrian Babenberg ducal dynasty the Counts of Pfannberg and the Lords of Stubenberg, Ort, Wildon, Stadeck and Liechenstein were considered among the most important families of today's Styria. In the middle of the 13th century the members of these families had a maximum of political and military power in Styria, and performed several state and court services. In the area of today's Slovenian Styria the family of the nobles of Ptuj was the only one to be able to compete with the above mentioned families. During the second half of the 13th century in the area of today's Slovenian Styria the ministerial families of Gurk and Salzburg were trying to break free from the power of their (Arch) bishop and join the state association of the Duke of Styria or the Duke of Carinthia. In particular, the originally Salzburg ministeriales of Ptuj, and the Gurk ministeriales from the families of Kunšperk and Ranšperk-Lemberg were active in this direction. Among the latter Nicholas of Lemberg and Henry I of Helfenberg were particularly prominent. Although the latter two had a lot of success mainly in the sixties, their efforts were not productive in the long run. Only the ministeriales of Ptuj managed to completely break free from the power of the Archbishops of Salzburg, which was to be contributed to the endeavours of several generations. The estates of today’s Slovenian Styria were much more fragmented in the second half of the 13th century compared to the following century. The status of the Church property (and thus the prelate’s power over them) was changing, so to speak, from decade to decade—depending on the political situation and on the alliances of the current ruling prelate. The court functions of Treasurer, Steward and Cup-bearer in the second half of the 13th century were largely just honourable ones. The respective holders of the Styrian ducal function therefore left them easily to the Styrian or Austrian local nobles, who were not necessarily important at the state level. It was the same with the holders of the function of Marshall. As the above mentioned three functions, also these ones were held only by the nobles (and burghers) of the Styrian and Austrian territories. Part of the Austrians (the family of Emmerberg, the nobles of Haßbach) that performed the functions in Styria, originated from the County of Pitten, which was part of Styria until 1254. The local nobles seemed to be quite attached to it also after that year, while that attachment was not observed with the nobles of Traungau (with the exception of the Family of Ort). This was the first reason that so many Austrians were found among the holders of various functions in Styria. The other reasons were mostly geographical proximity and political integration of both Duchies already since 1192. Also the functions of the Styrian state judge and state scribe were held almost exclusively by the members of the Styrian and Austrian territories. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Leta 1246 je v boju padel avstrijsko-štajerski vojvoda Friderik II., zadnji moški pripadnik rodbine Babenberžanov, ki je vojvodini Štajerski do tedaj vladala več kot pol stoletja, vojvodini Avstriji ...pa celo 270 let. Triindvajset let po Friderikovi smrti je umrl tudi Ulrik III., zadnji koroški vojvoda iz rodbine Spanheimov, ki je poleg koroškega vojvodskega naslova v svojih rokah držal tudi velike dele takratne Kranjske. Konec obeh dinastij je na širšem področju Vzhodnih Alp v hipu sprožil boj za njuno dediščino, ki je z daljšimi in krajšimi prekinitvami trajal vse do leta 1311 (oziroma celo 1335). Tekmecev je bilo (predvsem za nekdanja babenberška ozemlja) več. V največ primerih so s političnega prizorišča izginjali eden za drugim in niso imeli realnih možnosti, da bi se v Avstriji ali na Štajerskem zadostno utrdili ter tam prevzeli oblast. Še najuspešnejša med vsemi sta bila ogrski kralj Bela IV. in češki kralj Otokar II. Pčemysl, ki pa jima je uspelo, da sta s svojim avtoritativnim vladanjem štajersko plemstvo popolnoma odvrnila od sebe, tako da se je to v obeh primerih obrnilo proti njima. Nazadnje so se v večjem delu regije utrdili Habsburžani. Temelj za njihov uspeh so bile politične poteze, ki sta jih vlekla Rudolf I. in njegov sin Albreht I. Brez njunih uspehov poznejša habsburška moč vsekakor ne bi bila mogoča. Rudolf in Albreht sta bila zaradi razmer, ki so se v njunem času (1273–1308) ponujale, prisiljena delovati bolj popustljivo od svojih predhodnikov, saj za seboj nista imela ogromne vojaške sile in sta se bila prisiljena po vojaško pomoč vedno znova obračati na Štajerce. V času izumrtja štajerske vojvodske dinastije Babenberžanov lahko med najbolj pomembne rodbine iz področja današnje avstrijske Štajerske štejemo grofe Pfannberške ter gospode Stubenberške, Ortske, Wildonske, Stadeške in Liechtensteinske. člani teh rodbin so imeli sredi 13. stoletja na Štajerskem še največ politične in vojaške moči ter so opravljali več deželnih in dvornih služb. Na področju današnje slovenske Štajerske je bila samo rodbina gospodov Ptujskih tista, ki se je v istem času lahko kosala z zgoraj omenjenimi. Tekom druge polovice 13. stoletja se je nekaj tako krških kot salzburških ministerialnih rodbin s področja današnje slovenske Štajerske skušalo izviti izpod oblasti svojega (nad)škofa ter se priključiti deželni zvezi štajerskega ali koroškega vojvode. Predvsem so se v tej smeri trudili izvorno salzburški ministeriali Ptujski ter krški ministeriali iz rodbin Kunšperških in Ranšperško-Lemberških. Med slednjimi sta izstopala predvsem Nikolaj Lemberški in Henrik I. Helfenberški. čeprav sta slednja dva predvsem v šestdesetih letih imela veliko uspehov, pa njun trud slednjič ni obrodil dolgoročnih sadov. Le Ptujski so se uspeli popolnoma izviti izpod oblasti salzburških nadškofov, kar pa je bil rezultat dela več generacij. Za kaj tako dolgotrajnega Ranšperško-Lemberški in Kunšperški enostavno niso imeli moči. Zaradi tako popolnega uspeha gospodov Ptujskih se bralcu morda zazdi, da so bili salzburški in krški (nad)škofje druge polovice 13. stoletja skoraj popolnoma brez moči in svojih ministerialov niso bili sposobni kontrolirati. Temu ni tako. Ptujski so bili dejansko edini, ki jim je (spričo lastne vojaške moči) uspelo »uiti« izpod nadzora salzburških nadškofov in se tesno povezati s štajerskimi vojvodami. Vse druge salzburške in krške ministerialne rodbine česa takega niso bile zmožne. Medtem ko so se gospodje Ptujski za svojo vključitev v štajersko deželno zvezo morali truditi več desetletij, je to Žovneškim uspelo hitro in brez krčevitega nasprotovanja katerega izmed knezov, saj so bili svobodnega izvora. V štajersko deželno zvezo je aprila 1308 vstopil šele Ulrik II. Žovneški. Medtem se drugi člani njegove rodbine (Ulrik I., Leopold III., Gebhard III.) v preteklosti niso skoraj nikoli hoteli vmešavati v štajersko politiko. Tako so se uspeli izogniti nadoblasti oholega bana Štefana in vzkipljivega Otokarja Pčemysla.
Investigación en el ámbito escolar Simón Márquez, María del Mar; Barragán Martín, Ana Belén; Martos Martínez, África
2021, 20211216
eBook
Nos encontramos en un momento de grandes y rápidos cambios, lo que dentro del ámbito educativo se traduce en la necesidad de adaptación a los avances tecnológicos y de afrontar los diferentes retos ...educativos. En la actualidad, la tarea docente exige mucho más esfuerzo y dedicación que en años anteriores. Pues las aulas son más diversas, la administración se ha vuelto más demandante y las familias del alumnado también reclaman atención. Las distintas investigaciones coinciden en que la innovación es la única vía efectiva para dar respuesta a estas exigencias educativas, sin embargo, existen centros que son referentes en cuestiones de innovación y, por otra parte, un número muy elevado continúa aferrado a las metodologías didácticas tradicionales...
