Several risk factors have been identified for childhood lymphomas. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to synthesize current evidence regarding the association between birth weight with primarily ...the risk for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), given its similarity to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and any category of lymphoma. Two cohort (278,751 children) and seven case–control studies (2,660 cases and 69,274 controls) were included. Effects estimates regarding NHL, HL and any lymphoma were appropriately pooled using fixed or random effects model in two separate analyses: specifically, high was compared to normal or any birth weight. Similarly, low was compared to normal or any birth weight. No statistically significant association was found between high birth weight, as compared to normal birth weight, and risk for NHL plus Burkitt lymphoma (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.76–1.80, random effects), HL (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.64–1.38, fixed effects) or any plus Burkitt lymphoma (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.76–1.56, fixed effects). A null association emerged when low was compared with normal birth weight for NHL plus Burkitt lymphoma (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.71–1.62, random effects), HL (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.54–1.65, fixed effects) or any plus Burkitt lymphoma (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.79–1.33, fixed effects). Accordingly, no association was found when high or low birth weight was compared to any birth weight. Although current evidence suggests no association, birth weight might be a too crude indicator to reveal a genuine association of fetal growth with specific lymphoma categories; hence, there is an emerging need for use of more elaborate proxies, at least those accounting for gestational week.
Background
Despite the putative intrauterine origins of childhood (0–14 years) leukaemia, it is complex to assess the impact of perinatal factors on disease onset. Results on the association of ...maternal history of fetal loss (miscarriage/stillbirth) with specific disease subtypes in the subsequent offspring are in conflict. We sought to investigate whether miscarriage and stillbirth may have different impacts on the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and of its main immunophenotypes (B‐cell and T‐cell ALL), as contrasted to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
Methods
One thousand ninety‐nine ALL incidents (957 B‐ALL) and 131 AML cases along with 1:1 age and gender‐matched controls derived from the Nationwide Registry for Childhood Hematological Malignancies and Brain Tumors (1996–2013) were studied. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the roles of previous miscarriage(s) and stillbirth(s) on ALL (overall, B‐, T‐ALL) and AML, controlling for potential confounders.
Results
Statistically significant exposure and disease subtype‐specific associations of previous miscarriage(s) exclusively with AML odds ratio (OR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00, 2.81 and stillbirth(s) with ALL OR 4.82, 95% CI 1.63, 14.24 and B‐ALL particularly, emerged.
Conclusion
Differential pathophysiological pathways pertaining to genetic polymorphisms or cytogenetic aberrations are likely to create hostile environments leading either to fetal loss or the development of specific leukaemia subtypes in subsequent offspring, notably distinct associations of maternal miscarriage history confined to AML and stillbirth history confined to ALL (specifically B‐ALL). If confirmed and further supported by studies revealing underlying mechanisms, these results may shed light on the divergent leukemogenesis processes.
Background: Monitoring time trends in the incidence of childhood leukaemias and lymphomas requires efficient and continuous data collecting systems. In countries without official cancer registries, ...such as Greece, ad hoc nationwide registration of incident childhood leukaemias and lymphomas could help elucidate the underlying aetiology and monitor socioeconomic differentials in health care delivery. Methods: We registered all cases and produced age, gender, type and immunophenotype specific figures and overall crude and age adjusted annual incidence rates and secular trends for 863 leukaemia and 311 lymphoma incident cases diagnosed in children <15 years of age across Greece during 1996–2006, namely the first 11 years of the Nationwide Registry for Childhood Hematological Malignancies. Results: The epidemiological profiles of leukaemias/lymphomas in Greece are similar to those in industrialised countries. No secular trends are observed for either malignancy during the studied period. However, the calculated incidence for leukaemia (46.60 cases per 1 million children annually) is among the highest in the EU-27 (19% higher than average; p<0.001), whereas that for lymphoma (16.8 cases per 1 million children annually) is around the EU-27 average. Conclusions: Minimal secular changes in childhood leukaemias/lymphomas have been noted recently in the EU-27, which cannot be easily explained in countries with small populations. Therefore, centralised EU databases such as the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System (ACCIS) should be enlarged to generate sufficient statistical power for monitoring time trends. It would be interesting to explore whether different lifestyle patterns across the EU might be responsible for the observed excess leukaemia incidence in countries such as Greece.
Objective: To depict the magnitude and spectrum of childhood injuries attributable to falls from bunk beds in comparison with conventional beds and to outline sociodemographic risk factors and injury ...characteristics. Study design: Case-control investigation. Setting: Accident and emergency departments of four hospitals in Greece, namely a teaching children's hospital and a trauma hospital in Greater Athens and the two district hospitals in the Magnesia county and the Corfu island. Patients: During the three year period 1996–98, 1881 children (0–14 years) presenting with bed fall injuries were recorded by the Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System (EDISS). Out of these, 197 children with falls from bunk beds served as cases and 1684 children with falls from conventional beds served as controls. Results: From the analysis and a nationwide extrapolation, it was calculated that each year about 5000 children in Greece (total population 10 million) seek medical attendance at an emergency department for a bed injury, corresponding to an estimated incidence of about 3 per 1000 children years. Out of bed fall injuries, 10.5% are from bunk beds, 10.4% from cribs, 3.1% from cots, and 76.0% from other conventional beds. Falls from the bed ladder accounted for 8% of all bunk bed injuries. Boys are at higher risk for falls from beds but there is no evidence that the proportion is different depending on the type of bed used. Relatively few falls from bunk beds are recorded outside the crowded apartments of Greater Athens or among migrant children. The increased relative risk of injuries from bunk bed falls during the sleeping hours indicates the higher risk of injury after a fall from a bunk rather than a conventional bed. Injuries from bunk bed falls are generally more serious than those from conventional bed falls (overrepresentation of brain injuries, fractures, multiple injuries, and injuries requiring hospitalisation). Overall, it can be estimated that almost half of the sleep related bunk bed injuries are easily preventable. Conclusions: Falls from bunk beds represent a non-negligible childhood injury risk. A sizeable fraction can be avoided with simple design modifications of the product, such as use of side rails in the upper bed or removal of the bed ladder when not in use.
Since sports participation entails the risk of injuries that account for substantial morbidity and disability, the existence of adequate epidemiological information is essential for the development ...of sound preventive strategies. In this study, we present data on the occurrence of sports injuries among children in six European countries, namely Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. An operational definition for sports injuries was developed, and comparable data from the European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System, an established injury surveillance system operating in 12 European union countries, were collected from the participating member states, during a 1-year period (1998). Sports injuries were examined in schools, in organised and unorganised settings, and in specific types of sports by demographics and injury descriptive variables. Sports injuries represent a quantitatively important and sufficiently serious problem in European union countries, accounting for an estimated annual number of about a quarter of a million outpatient visits in two of the participating countries, which provide national estimates. It is evident, that sport injuries are not only common but also injuries of considerable severity, since a large fraction represents fractures, while approximately 4% of the total require hospitalisation. Football and basketball among male children are, in declining order, the two sports responsible for the most frequent injuries in the European union countries, whereas gymnastics and volleyball prevail among females. The study indicates the importance of injury surveillance in describing the epidemiology of sports injuries and provides an estimate of the magnitude and the profile of sport injuries that take place annually in European union countries.
: The aim of the study was to investigate the better accuracy of the 2‐h post‐dose (C2) levels of cyclosporine (CyA), compared with the pre‐dose (C0) levels and to evaluate the results measured by a ...monoclonal or a polyclonal immunoassay. The parent compound of CyA in C2 (monoclonal2) was measured in 53 kidney transplant patients by the monoclonal fluorescence polarization method, as well as the parent compound plus metabolites (polyclonal2) by the polyclonal fluorescence polarization method. Also, the parent compound was measured in 21 of the patients for the C0 (monoclonal0), whereas the parent compound plus metabolites in 36, for the C0 (polyclonal0). As level of metabolites was considered the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal values (polyclonal–monoclonal), either in C0 (metabolites0) or in C2 (metabolites2). The ratio polyclonal2/monoclonal2 gave a mean value of 1.7±0.2 (mean±SD), whereas the mean value of the ratio polyclonal0/monoclonal0 was 2.3±0.6, with almost double variation. The mean value of the ratio metabolites2/monoclonal2 was 0.7±0.2 and of the ratio metabolites0/monoclonal0 was 1.3±0.6. The difference between the two ratios is very significant (p = 0.000001) and they are not correlated with each other (r = 0.18, p = 0.44). The measurements of monoclonal0 and polyclonal0 or monoclonal2 and polyclonal2 are very significantly correlated (r = 0.94, p = 0.000001 and r = 0.97, p = 0.000001, respectively). In C0 the proportion of metabolites is higher than in C2, with a double variation, as the degree of metabolism is diverse. Consecutively, in monoclonal methods, as cross‐reactions occur with metabolites, it is more accurate to use the C2 measurement for the evaluation of CyA. The application of both methods, the polyclonal and the monoclonal, could be a useful tool as it gives an estimation of metabolites whose degree of contribution to the immunosuppressive result is difficult to ascertain. Finally, if for reasons of clinical experience, the polyclonal method is used, then the mean therapeutic levels of polyclonal2 are 1.5–1.7 compared with monoclonal2.
Background
. In the present prospective, controlled, observational cohort study, we investigated the effects of the use of a vitamin E-coated membrane dialyser (VEM) on markers of chronic ...inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial cell apoptosis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD), as long as evidence of their effects on these pathogenetic routes are inconclusive as yet, despite their use for the last several years.
Methods
. Thirty-five stable ESRD patients underwent HD with the use of VEM for 6 months. Another 25 age- and sex-matched ESRD patients, being dialysed with conventional dialysers, served as controls. In both patient groups, beyond complete haematology and biochemistry work-up, serum CRP, apolipoproteins A1 and B, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), hsIL-6, MCP-1, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, sFas and sFasL as well as plasma oxLDL, TBARS and TAS levels were determined at baseline and at 6 months of the study.
Results
. In the VEM group at 6 months, a significant reduction in CRP (P = 0.004), IL-6 (P = 0.004) and sICAM-1 (P = 0.04) levels was observed compared with baseline, along with a remarkable change in all markers of oxidative stress, i.e. increase in TAS (P = 0.005) and decrease in TBARS (P = 0.04) and oxLDL (P < 0.001). No significant changes were noted in the other parameters studied in the VEM group or in any parameter studied in the controls. Between the groups, significant differences were found in the change of CRP (P = 0.001), sICAM-1 (P = 0.03) and oxLDL (P = 0.04) compared with baseline.
Conclusion
s
. HD with the use of VEM resulted in a significant reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Larger prospective randomized studies will need to confirm the findings of the present observational study.
The extremely high cost of motor-vehicle accidents in public health leads to the necessity of a better injury data collection in the Accident and Emergency Hospital Departments. The 'Asclepeion' of ...Voula Hospital covers the southeastern suburban areas of the greater Athens area (1 000 000 population). The aim of this study is to present information on the pattern of injuries in Athens, in order to understand the magnitude of the problem and develop rational prevention programmes. Specially trained health visitors of the Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System (EDISS) interviewed in person every injured victim who was brought into the Emergency Service of the 'Asclepeion' of Voula Hospital. The study was performed during a 3-year period, from 1996 to 1998; 4564 persons were interviewed. Traffic accidents were more frequent on weekdays with a seasonal peak in July and among young Greeks (aged 25 - 34 years). The usual type of injuries seen in vehicle-accident victims were cerebral contusion and concussion, while in motorcycle-accident victims, head contusion and fractures. The most common reasons for the accident were excessive speed, poor condition of road, inattention, abstraction or drowsiness and drug effects. A total of 29.8% of motorcycle drivers and 5.7% of motorcycle passengers wore a helmet and 26.3% of car drivers and 14.1% of car passengers were using seatbelts. The identification of road traffic injury patterns can contribute to the development of injury prevention measures and guide rational preventive interventions that can reduce the incidence of these injuries. The EDISS system established at 'Asclepeion' of Voula Emergency Service can provide useful and accurate information about this serious and multidimensional problem of Greek Public Health.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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