The threat of violence alongside the deep-rooted fear of falling into old patterns of animosity and violence have pushed the international community towards stringent controversial approaches ...regarding international conflicts. R2P initially started as a call on states to respect international policies pertaining to human rights within their own sovereign territories and to intervene when these rights are threatened. Currently, R2P has evoked controversial responses from the international community which have resulted in undesirable situations which include the violation of international law as well as the death of countless innocent civilians alongside public property. By researching the procedure behind intervention into numerous conflicts, as well as the legal aspect of intervention as an acceptable foreign policy, R2P as a response to conflicts will be scrutinized with the aims of arriving at a practical and response to the legalities of international intervention into conflicts.
Nutritional state (e.g. fasted vs. fed) and different food stimuli (e.g. high‐calorie vs. low‐calorie, or appetizing vs. bland foods) are both recognized to change activity in brain reward systems. ...Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we have studied the interaction between nutritional state and different food stimuli on brain food reward systems. We examined how blood oxygen level‐dependent activity within a priori regions of interest varied while viewing pictures of high‐calorie and low‐calorie foods. Pictures of non‐food household objects were included as control stimuli. During scanning, subjects rated the appeal of each picture. Twenty non‐obese healthy adults body mass index 22.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2 (mean ± SEM), age range 19–35 years, 10 male were scanned on two separate mornings between 11:00 and 12:00 h, once after eating a filling breakfast (‘fed’: 1.6 ± 0.1 h since breakfast), and once after an overnight fast but skipping breakfast (‘fasted’: 15.9 ± 0.3 h since supper) in a randomized cross‐over design. Fasting selectively increased activation to pictures of high‐calorie over low‐calorie foods in the ventral striatum, amygdala, anterior insula, and medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Furthermore, fasting enhanced the subjective appeal of high‐calorie more than low‐calorie foods, and the change in appeal bias towards high‐calorie foods was positively correlated with medial and lateral OFC activation. These results demonstrate an interaction between homeostatic and hedonic aspects of feeding behaviour, with fasting biasing brain reward systems towards high‐calorie foods.
The U.S. Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit has not granted a petition for en banc rehearing in a patent case in more than six years.1 In 2021 and 2022, the court granted only a handful of ...petitions for panel rehearing in patent cases. A petition for rehearing is an optional procedure available to parties after the Federal Circuit enters judgment in an appeal.2 A party can either ask for panel rehearing (by the original three-judge panel) or en banc rehearing (by the full Federal Circuit) -or both.3 Petitioners seeking panel rehearing must state "with particularity" each point of law or fact that the court has overlooked or misapprehended.4 Petitioners seeking en banc rehearing must state that either (a) the panel decision is contrary to Supreme Court or Federal Circuit precedent such that en banc consideration is necessary "to secure or maintain uniformity of the court's decisions," or (b) the appeal involves "a question of exceptional importance. At the first stage, the court distributes all rehearing petitions to the panel, regardless of whether the petition is styled as a petition for panel rehearing, a petition for en banc rehearing, or a combined petition for panel and en banc rehearing.6 The panel has 10 working days - roughly two weeks - to consider whether to act on the petition.7 Any single panel member may invite a response from the non-petitioning parties, i.e., calling for a response.8 After the court receives a response, the panel has another 10 working days to consider whether to grant or deny the rehearing petition.9 If no panel member calls for a response or if a majority of the panel does not vote to grant, the panel rehearing petition fails.10 Then, if the petition requests en banc action, the court proceeds to the second stage and distributes the petition to the active judges of the court.11 The full court also has 10 working days to consider whether to call for a response, and any single judge may do so.12 If no one calls for a response, the en banc rehearing petition fails as a matter of course.13 If a response is requested and filed, the full court then has 10 more working days to consider whether to initiate a poll on en banc rehearing.14 Any single judge may request a poll, but a majority of the active judges must vote to rehear the appeal en banc in order for the petition to be granted.15 At any point in the second stage, the panel may retrieve the petition from the full court, and the two-stage review process repeats.16 The Federal Circuit Rules permit amici curiae to seek leave to file amicus briefs in support of the petitioner, the respondent, or neither party17 Motions for leave to file must be accompanied by the amicus curiae's brief18 If, at either stage, the court grants rehearing, it might simply reissue a revised decision, or call for additional briefing and/ or oral argument before issuing another decision.19 REHEARING PETITIONS IN 2021 AND 2022 In 2021 and 2022, the Federal Circuit received and resolved 129 petitions for panel rehearing, en banc rehearing, or both in patent cases.20 The court called for a response to 45 of the 129 petitions -approximately 35%. In three of the six petitions, after the petitioner identified discrete factual or legal errors in the panel opinion - "point s of law or fact that . . . the court has overlooked or misapprehended"26 - the panel granted (at least in part) the rehearing petition and issued a modified opinion, albeit reaching the same outcome.These three cases are: * Nature Simulation Systems Inc. v. Autodesk, Inc., No. 20-2257 o Original Opinions: A panel reversed a district court ruling of invalidity for indefmiteness and remanded for further proceedings.27 One panel member dissented.28 o Grounds for Rehearing: The petitioner identified and took issue with specific language in the original majority decision about (1) the deference accorded to U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) examiner determinations of defmiteness during prosecution and (2) the relevance of written description, enablement, and best mode to the indefmiteness inquiry29 o Modified Opinions: The same panel issued modified majority and dissenting opinions.30 The modified majority opinion removed the specific language objected to in the rehearing petition and bolstered the disposition with additional reasoning, to which the dissent responded.31 * Polygroup Ltd. MCO v. Willis Electric Company, Nos. 21-1401,-1402 o Original Opinions: A panel reversed-in-part, vacated-in-part, and remanded a Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) final written decision of patentability32 One panel member dissented
Inequality and Growth Grigoli, Francesco; Paredes, Evelio; Di Bella, Gabriel
01/18/2017, 2017
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
The combination of stagnant growth and high levels of income inequality renewed the debate about whether a more even distribution of income can spur economic activity. This paper tests for ...cross-country convergence in income inequality and estimates its impact on economic growth with a heterogeneous panel structural vector autoregression model, which addresses some empirical challenges plaguing the literature. We find that income inequality is converging across countries, and that its impact on economic growth is heterogeneous. In particular, while the median response of real per capita GDP growth to shocks in income inequality is negative and significant, the dispersion around the estimates is large, with at least one fourth of the countries in the sample presenting a positive effect. The results suggest that the negative effect is mainly driven by the Middle East and Central Asia and the Western Hemisphere across regions, and emerging markets across income levels. Finally, we find evidence that improved institutional frameworks can reduce the negative effect of income inequality on growth.
We present the second data release of the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C), an ESO 130−night public spectroscopic survey conducted with VIMOS on the Very Large Telescope. We release ...1988 spectra with typical continuum S/N 20 −1 of galaxies at 0.6 z 1.0, each observed for ∼20 hr and fully reduced with a custom-built pipeline. We also release a catalog with spectroscopic redshifts, emission-line fluxes, Lick/IDS indices, and observed stellar and gas velocity dispersions that are spatially integrated quantities, including both rotational motions and genuine dispersion. To illustrate the new parameter space in the intermediate-redshift regime probed by LEGA-C, we explore relationships between dynamical and stellar population properties. The star-forming galaxies typically have observed stellar velocity dispersions of ∼150 km s−1 and strong Hδ absorption (HδA ∼ 5 ), while passive galaxies have higher observed stellar velocity dispersions (∼200 km s−1) and weak Hδ absorption (HδA ∼ 0 ). Strong O III5007/Hβ ratios tend to occur mostly for galaxies with weak HδA or galaxies with higher observed velocity dispersion. Beyond these broad trends, we find a diversity of possible combinations of rest-frame colors, absorption-line strengths, and emission-line detections, illustrating the utility of spectroscopic measurements to more accurately understand galaxy evolution. By making the spectra and value-added catalogs publicly available we encourage the community to take advantage of this very substantial investment in telescope time provided by ESO.
We present stellar rotation curves and velocity dispersion profiles for 104 quiescent galaxies at z = 0.6-1 from the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C) spectroscopic survey. Rotation is ...typically probed across 10-20 kpc, or to an average of 2.7Re. Combined with central stellar velocity dispersions ( 0) this provides the first determination of the dynamical state of a sample selected by a lack of star formation activity at large lookback time. The most massive galaxies (M > 2 × 1011 M ) generally show no or little rotation measured at 5 kpc ( V 5 0 < 0.2 in eight of ten cases), while ∼64% of less massive galaxies show significant rotation. This is reminiscent of local fast- and slow-rotating ellipticals and implies that low- and high-redshift quiescent galaxies have qualitatively similar dynamical structures. We compare V 5 0 distributions at z ∼ 0.8 and the present day by re-binning and smoothing the kinematic maps of 91 low-redshift quiescent galaxies from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey and find evidence for a decrease in rotational support since z ∼ 1. This result is especially strong when galaxies are compared at fixed velocity dispersion; if velocity dispersion does not evolve for individual galaxies then the rotational velocity at 5 kpc was an average of 94 22% higher in z ∼ 0.8 quiescent galaxies than today. Considering that the number of quiescent galaxies grows with time and that new additions to the population descend from rotationally supported star-forming galaxies, our results imply that quiescent galaxies must lose angular momentum between z ∼ 1 and the present, presumably through dissipationless merging, and/or that the mechanism that transforms star-forming galaxies also reduces their rotational support.
Abstract
We use CEERS JWST/NIRCam imaging to measure rest-frame near-IR light profiles of 435
M
⋆
> 10
10
M
⊙
galaxies in the redshift range of 0.5 <
z
< 2.3. We compare the resulting rest-frame ...1.5–2
μ
m half-light radii (
R
NIR
) with stellar half-mass radii (
R
M
⋆
) derived with multicolor light profiles from CANDELS Hubble Space Telescope imaging. In general agreement with previous work, we find that
R
NIR
and
R
M
⋆
are up to 40% smaller than the rest-frame optical half-light radius
R
opt
. The agreement between
R
NIR
and
R
M
⋆
is excellent, with a negligible systematic offset (<0.03 dex) up to
z
= 2 for quiescent galaxies and up to
z
= 1.5 for star-forming galaxies. We also deproject the profiles to estimate
R
M
⋆
,
3
D
, the radius of a sphere containing 50% of the stellar mass. We present the
R
−
M
⋆
distribution of galaxies at 0.5 <
z
< 1.5, comparing
R
opt
,
R
M
⋆
, and
R
M
⋆
,
3
D
. The slope is significantly flatter for
R
M
⋆
and
R
M
⋆
,
3
D
compared to
R
opt
, mostly due to downward shifts in size for massive star-forming galaxies, while
R
M
⋆
and
R
M
⋆
,
3
D
do not show markedly different trends. Finally, we show rapid evolution of the size (
R
∝ (1 +
z
)
−1.7±0.1
) of massive (
M
⋆
> 10
11
M
⊙
) quiescent galaxies between
z
= 0.5 and
z
= 2.3, again comparing
R
opt
,
R
M
⋆
, and
R
M
⋆
,
3
D
. We conclude that the main tenets of the evolution of the size narrative established over the past 20 yr, based on rest-frame optical light profile analysis, still hold in the era of JWST/NIRCam observations in the rest-frame near-IR.
Iron storage proteins are essential for cellular iron homeostasis and redox balance. Ferritin proteins are the major storage units for bioavailable forms of iron. Some organisms lack ferritins, and ...it is not known how they store iron. Encapsulins, a class of protein-based organelles, have recently been implicated in microbial iron and redox metabolism. Here, we report the structural and mechanistic characterization of a 42 nm two-component encapsulin-based iron storage compartment from
. Using cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography, we reveal the assembly principles of a thermostable T = 4 shell topology and its catalytic ferroxidase cargo and show interactions underlying cargo-shell co-assembly. This compartment has an exceptionally large iron storage capacity storing over 23,000 iron atoms. Our results reveal a new approach for survival in diverse habitats with limited or fluctuating iron availability via an iron storage system able to store 10 to 20 times more iron than ferritin.
Experimental evolution of resistance to an antimicrobial peptide Perron, Gabriel G; Zasloff, Michael; Bell, Graham
Proceedings - Royal Society. Biological sciences/Proceedings - Royal Society. Biological Sciences,
01/2006, Letnik:
273, Številka:
1583
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A novel class of antibiotics based on the antimicrobial properties of immune peptides of multicellular organisms is attracting increasing interest as a major weapon against resistant microbes. It has ...been claimed that cationic antimicrobial peptides exploit fundamental features of the bacterial cell so that resistance is much less likely to evolve than in the case of conventional antibiotics. Population models of the evolutionary genetics of resistance have cast doubt on this claim. We document the experimental evolution of resistance to a cationic antimicrobial peptide through continued selection in the laboratory. In this selection experiment, 22/24 lineages of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens independently evolved heritable mechanisms of resistance to pexiganan, an analogue of magainin, when propagated in medium supplemented with this antimicrobial peptide for 600-700 generations.
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