Coccidiosis in dromedaries is an intestinal protozoan infection caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria . A prospective examination was conducted at two slaughterhouses in ...southern Algeria. The primary objective of this investigation was to ascertain the prevalence of intestinal parasites in camels, elucidate the associated microscopic lesions, and identify the risk factors contributing to this infestation. In pursuit of this, we procured four segments of the intestines from 31 dromedarieas that appeared healthy and displayed no symptoms. Subsequently, these samples were collected, preserved, subjected to routine processing, and subsequently stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Intestinal parasitic infection showed an incidence rate of 45.16% (14 out of 31). Specifically, two types of parasites were discerned in the intestinal specimens through microscopic examination, namely Eimeria (41.93%; 13 out of 31) (p-value = 0.046) and Taenia (3.22%; 1 out of 31) (p = 0.001). Eimeria cameli was observed in the ceacum (41.93%; 13 out of 31), jejunum (12.90%; 4 out of 31), and in one instance in the duodenum (3.22%; 1 out of 31). Furthermore, numerous development stages of coccidia were identified, including gamonts, schizonts and oocysts. Deep microscopic lesions attributed to Eimeria cameli were detected, such as enteritis, eosinophilic infiltration and inflammation. In addition, associated risk factors were identified. This study has furnished valuable insights into parasitic infestations affecting dromedaries, particularly Eimeria cameli . The molecular studies are needed to delineate the diverse variations within Eimeria strains. Effective parasite control strategies specific to dromedary camels need to be developed.
The standard of care (SOC) for the treatment of HCV genotype 2 (HCV‐2) was pegylated interferon alpha plus ribavirin (PEG‐IFN/RBV) at weight‐based doses for a response‐guided duration. The launches ...of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in 2014 have resulted in new, better tolerated and shorter treatment. The combination of sofosbuvir and RBV for 12 weeks appears to be the new SOC in both European and American guidelines. The cost and therefore the access to this treatment remains a problem in many countries because of major economic constraints. For the few more difficult‐to‐treat patients, a combination of direct acting antivirals may be suitable and is being studied in ongoing trials. Because of rapidly changing treatment recommendations, the decision to treat HCV‐2 patients with currently approved drugs or to wait until a better option is available in the future, must be made according to the stage of fibrosis.
Résumé : Cet article s’intéresse à l’écriture de fictionnalisation qui renvoie le lecteur à un évènement qui s’est réellement déroulé dans la vraie vie, bien qu’il soit tout à fait possible pour un ...écrivain de créer un univers fictif dans sa totalité rien qu’en se basant sur sa propre imagination. Notre problématique consiste à comprendre la manière dont la bribe du réel est intégrée à l’œuvre littéraire et les moyens adoptés pour arriver à cette écriture qui reflète un fragment de l’Histoire. Par le biais d’une analyse stylistique de la production littéraire du journaliste et écrivain Antoine Leiris, qui a perdu son épouse au théâtre parisien du Bataclan, nous nous focaliserons sur les procédés scripturaux qui lui ont permis de former son récit en relatant les faits des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 à Paris sans se limiter à un simple témoignage. Mots-clés : attentats ; écriture ; fictionnalisation ; procédés ; stylistique
The launch of first-generation protease inhibitors (PIs) is a major step forward in HCV treatment. However, the major advance is up to now restricted to genotype 1 (GT-1) patients. The development of ...second-wave and second-generation PIs yields higher antiviral potency through plurigenotypic activity, more convenient daily administration, fewer side effects and, for the second-generation PIs, potential activity against resistance-associated variants. NS5B inhibitors include nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (NIs) and non-nucleotide inhibitors (NNIs). NIs have high efficacy across all genotypes. Sofosbuvir has highly potent antiviral activity across all genotypes in association with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR), thus allowing shortened treatment duration. NS5A inhibitors (NS5A.I) have highly potent antiviral activity. It has recently been shown for the first time that NS5A.I in combination with protease inhibitors can cure GT-1b null responders in an interferon-free regimen. Besides, several studies demonstrate that interferon (IFN)-free regimens with direct-acting antiviral agent combinations are able to cure a large number of either naïve or treatment-experienced GT-1 patients. Moreover, quadruple regimen with PR is able to cure almost all GT-1 null responders. The development of pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral agents (NIs or NS5A.I) allows new combinations with or without PR that increase the rate of sustained virological response for all patients, even for those with cirrhosis and independently of the genotype. Therefore, the near future of HCV treatment looks promising. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the clinical results recently reported for HCV treatment.
Highlights • A 0.5% detection threshold allows for a better characterization of the HCV viral population. • UDPS demonstrated that the frequency of BOC or TLP RAVs persist for at least one year after ...therapeutic cessation. • The relative mutant viral load must be considered prior to any PIs based re-treatment
PDF
