Sexual assault on college campuses is a public health issue. However varying research methodologies (e.g., different sexual assault definitions, measures, assessment timeframes) and low response ...rates hamper efforts to define the scope of the problem. To illuminate the complexity of campus sexual assault, we collected survey data from a large population-based random sample of undergraduate students from Columbia University and Barnard College in New York City, using evidence based methods to maximize response rates and sample representativeness, and behaviorally specific measures of sexual assault to accurately capture victimization rates. This paper focuses on student experiences of different types of sexual assault victimization, as well as sociodemographic, social, and risk environment correlates. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used to estimate prevalences and test associations. Since college entry, 22% of students reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual assault (defined as sexualized touching, attempted penetration oral, anal, vaginal, other, or completed penetration). Women and gender nonconforming students reported the highest rates (28% and 38%, respectively), although men also reported sexual assault (12.5%). Across types of assault and gender groups, incapacitation due to alcohol and drug use and/or other factors was the perpetration method reported most frequently (> 50%); physical force (particularly for completed penetration in women) and verbal coercion were also commonly reported. Factors associated with increased risk for sexual assault included non-heterosexual identity, difficulty paying for basic necessities, fraternity/sorority membership, participation in more casual sexual encounters ("hook ups") vs. exclusive/monogamous or no sexual relationships, binge drinking, and experiencing sexual assault before college. High rates of re-victimization during college were reported across gender groups. Our study is consistent with prevalence findings previously reported. Variation in types of assault and methods of perpetration experienced across gender groups highlight the need to develop prevention strategies tailored to specific risk groups.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
BACKGROUND:Perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) adolescents and young adults (AYA) are at risk for suboptimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and mental health and substance use problems that, in ...HIV-infected adults, predict nonadherence. Studies on the relationship between psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUD) and adherence among PHIV+ AYA are limited, but may be important for informing evidence-based interventions to promote adherence.
METHODS:Data were analyzed from 3 annual follow-up interviews (FU2–FU4, N = 179) in a longitudinal study of PHIV+ AYA. Psychiatric disorders (anxiety, disruptive behavior, mood and SUD) were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Adherence was self-reported missed ART doses within the past week. Viral load (VL) results were abstracted from medical charts. Multiple logistic regression analyzed cross-sectional associations between psychiatric disorders and (1) missed ART dose and (2) VL > 1000 copies/mL. Multiple linear regression assessed associations between psychiatric disorders and proportion of VL values >1000 copies/mL over time.
RESULTS:At FU2, 53% of PHIV+ AYA had any psychiatric disorder, 35% missed an ART dose in the past week and 47% had a VL > 1000 copies/mL. At FU2, behavioral disorders were associated with missed dose (P = 0.009) and VL > 1000 (P = 0.019), and mood disorders were associated with missed dose (P = 0.041). At FU4, behavioral disorders were associated with missed dose (P = 0.009). Behavioral disorders (P = 0.041), SUD (P = 0.016) and any disorder (P = 0.008) at FU2 were associated with higher proportion of VLs >1000 across FU2–FU4.
CONCLUSIONS:Addressing psychiatric disorder and SUD among PHIV+ AYA may improve ART adherence outcomes in this population. Targeted interventions should be developed and tested.
Despite evidence that early care and education services benefit at-risk children, they remain underutilized by families in the child welfare system. This article describes two training programs ...developed to educate child welfare and childcare/preschool staff about the importance of early care and education for maltreated children and how to access these services. A combined total of 274 trainees completed knowledge tests about this topic and significant pre- to post-training improvements indicate that both training programs effectively increased participants' knowledge about this important topic. In addition, improvement in self-assessed competency was observed for participants in one program, and positive changes in attitudes and anticipated practice behavior regarding childcare for foster children were observed among participants in the other.
A current trend emphasizes simplified models of traits and personality functioning that would reduce individuals to as few as five potential traits and one dimension of personality functioning. ...However, the evidence behind those models is based on linear methods of analysis that authors from Cattell to Kernberg (2016) believe do not capture the potential moderating interaction effects of personality. Using models of traits and functioning from the DSM-5, this study demonstrates not only that traits and functioning interact, but that they do so in a rich and meaningful way that points up the dangers of collapsing these concepts. Without taking the interaction into account, satisfaction in romantic or work relationships often could not be predicted or understood. If we cannot predict satisfaction in these relationships with precision, honest confusion arises over how to guide others toward these goals. Low Detachment depends on high levels of Self-Definition, just as low Antagonism relies on high levels of Empathy to be successful. Most interestingly, negative traits and low functioning can actually lead to individual satisfaction, suggesting not only that interaction is key but that nonlinear effects may also be present.
Increasing access to early care and education (ECE) for children in the child welfare system (CWS) remains a critical issue in the United States, as the numbers of young children entering this system ...steadily increases. Mounting evidence suggests that participation in at least some types of ECE can mitigate the need for child welfare supervision. Moreover, ECE participation has been linked to positive developmental and school readiness outcomes, lower rates of foster placement, and greater placement stability for children in the CWS. Despite this research, ECE is not widely used by this population. This study informs recent local and federal efforts to increase ECE utilization among children in the CWS by exploring the perspectives of three stakeholder groups (child welfare caseworkers, ECE providers, and parents/caregivers) regarding the benefits of CWS-supervised children’s participation in ECE for 1) the children themselves, 2) their parents/caregivers, and 3) their caseworkers. A total of ten focus groups were conducted with these stakeholders in a large urban area in the western U.S. (n = 79). Meeting transcripts were analyzed with Atlas TI software to identify themes. Results highlight multiple ways in which participants perceived ECE as being beneficial for CWS-supervised children, as well as for their parents/caregivers, and caseworkers. These findings offer suggestions for ways to motivate caseworkers and parents/caregivers to enroll CWS-supervised children in ECE by educating them about benefits, not only for the children, but also for themselves.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) are observed in young children with intellectual and developmental delays or disabilities (DD) including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Self-injurious ...behavior is often considered an extreme form of RRB, but the nature of the relation between SIB and other forms of RRBs is not completely understood. While it is known that children with ASD engage in greater frequency and severity of RRB, including SIB than typically developing (TD) children (Harrop et al., 2014; Honey et al., 2007; Joseph et al., 2013; Kim & Lord, 2010; Richler et al., 2007; Watt et al., 2008), less is known about the differences between children with global DD and TD children. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research by more fully describing the pattern of differences in RRB on the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R; Bodfish et al., 2000) between children with DD and TD children. To do so an archived dataset of three samples of children (research-screened (RS) TD group, community sample (CS) TD group, and high-risk DD group) were compared along scores on the RBS-R. Significant differences between the CSTD children and RSTD children were noted for total score and all but one of the subscales with CSTD children engaging in significantly greater frequency of RRB than RSTD children. Future research should take care when recruiting TD groups of children for normative comparisons as prevalence estimates will likely vary depending on whether relatively open community samples or comprehensively screened research samples are included. Overall results showed that children with DD engage in significantly more frequent and severe RRB than TD children across subscales of the RBS-R.
To examine unannounced telephone pill counts as a measure of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents and young adults living with perinatal HIV infection.
Participants were recruited ...from an ongoing longitudinal study to complete four monthly, unannounced telephone pill counts. Detailed notes concerning participants' medication habits surrounding adherence were recorded.
Two-thirds of 102 eligible participants aged 18-27 years participated; 57% were female, 69% were Black. Blacks and participants with viral loads >40 and >1,000 copies/ml were less likely to participate. Average adherence across calls was 77%. Those who completed all calls averaged significantly higher adherence scores than those who did not. Calls revealed adherence barriers at individual (e.g., medication disorganization), social (e.g., limited support), and system (e.g., pharmacy problems) levels.
Despite challenges, this procedure can be implemented with this population and can help identify adherence barriers important for interventions that address medication-taking behaviors.
Emerging evidence suggests that high quality early care and education (ECE) programs can improve children's developmental outcomes, particularly for at-risk children. Yet, ECE remains under-utilized ...by children in the child welfare system. This study illuminates some of the reasons for this by presenting findings from a series of ten focus groups with child welfare workers, ECE providers, and parents/caregivers of young children involved with the child welfare system (N=78). Fourteen themes emerged regarding organizational and system-level barriers to enrolling children involved with the child welfare system in ECE. These include generic barriers to inter-agency collaboration in human services, such as challenging work climates characterized by limited resources, high workloads and staff turnover, and lack of guidelines for collaborative infrastructure. Findings more specific to inter-agency collaboration between child welfare and ECE include the disruptive effect of foster placement changes and case closures on ECE stability, policies restricting ECE eligibility and availability for birth and/or foster parents, and child welfare workers' limited understanding of the value of high quality, learning based ECE programs versus custodial child care, particularly for infants and toddlers. Policy and practice recommendations to improve ECE utilization and service coordination among child welfare and ECE organizations are discussed.
•Stakeholders describe common barriers to coordinated ECE-child welfare services.•Workplace climate and unclear and frequently changing policies hinder ECE use.•Child welfare involvement limits access to ECE subsidies and affordable care.•Changes in living arrangements disrupt ECE continuity for foster children.•Child welfare workers often fail to prioritize quality ECE for infants/toddlers.
Objectives: We examined psychographic characteristics associated with tobacco use among Project DECOY participants. Methods: Project DECOY is a 2-year longitudinal mixed-methods study examining risk ...for tobacco use among 3418 young adults across 7 Georgia colleges/universities.
Baseline measures included sociodemographics, tobacco use, and psychographics using the Values, Attitudes, and Lifestyle Scale. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify correlates of tobacco use. Results: Past 30-day use prevalence was: 13.3% cigarettes; 11.3%
little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs); 3.6% smokeless tobacco; 10.9% e-cigarettes; and 12.2% hookah. Controlling for sociodemographics, correlates of cigarette use included greater novelty seeking (p < .001) and intellectual curiosity (p = .010) and less interest in tangible creation (p = .002)
and social conservatism (p < .001). Correlates of LCC use included greater novelty seeking (p < .001) and greater fashion orientation (p = .007). Correlates of smokeless tobacco use included greater novelty seeking (p = .006) and less intellectual curiosity (p < .001). Correlates
of e-cigarette use included greater novelty seeking (p < .001) and less social conservatism (p = .002). Correlates of hookah use included greater novelty seeking (p < .001), fashion orientation (p = .044), and self-focused thinking (p = .002), and less social conservatism (p < .001). Conclusions: Psychographic characteristics distinguish users of different tobacco products.
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