Oral diseases are a major global public health problem affecting over 3·5 billion people. However, dentistry has so far been unable to tackle this problem. A fundamentally different approach is now ...needed. In this second of two papers in a Series on oral health, we present a critique of dentistry, highlighting its key limitations and the urgent need for system reform. In high-income countries, the current treatment-dominated, increasingly high-technology, interventionist, and specialised approach is not tackling the underlying causes of disease and is not addressing inequalities in oral health. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the limitations of so-called westernised dentistry are at their most acute; dentistry is often unavailable, unaffordable, and inappropriate for the majority of these populations, but particularly the rural poor. Rather than being isolated and separated from the mainstream health-care system, dentistry needs to be more integrated, in particular with primary care services. The global drive for universal health coverage provides an ideal opportunity for this integration. Dental care systems should focus more on promoting and maintaining oral health and achieving greater oral health equity. Sugar, alcohol, and tobacco consumption, and their underlying social and commercial determinants, are common risk factors shared with a range of other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Coherent and comprehensive regulation and legislation are needed to tackle these shared risk factors. In this Series paper, we focus on the need to reduce sugar consumption and describe how this can be achieved through the adoption of a range of upstream policies designed to combat the corporate strategies used by the global sugar industry to promote sugar consumption and profits. At present, the sugar industry is influencing dental research, oral health policy, and professional organisations through its well developed corporate strategies. The development of clearer and more transparent conflict of interest policies and procedures to limit and clarify the influence of the sugar industry on research, policy, and practice is needed. Combating the commercial determinants of oral diseases and other NCDs should be a major policy priority.
Fluoride toothpaste (FT) has recently been included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Whereas it is essential for preventing dental caries, its current affordability around the globe ...remains unclear. This study aimed to analyse the affordability of FT in as many as possible countries worldwide, to capture the extent of variations in FT affordability between high-, middle- and low-income countries. A standardized protocol was developed to collect country-specific information about the characteristics of the cheapest available FT at a regular point of purchase. 82 members of the WHO Global Oral Health Network of Chief Dental Officers (CDOs), directors of WHO Collaborative Centres and other oral health experts collected data using mobile phone technology. In line with established methodologies to assess affordability, the Fluoride Toothpaste Affordability Ratio (FTAR) was calculated as the expenditure associated with the recommended annual consumption of FT relative to the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government worker (FTAR >1 = unaffordable spending on fluoride toothpaste). There are significant differences in the affordability of FT across 78 countries. FT was strongly affordable in high-income countries, relatively affordable in upper middle-income countries, and strongly unaffordable in lower middle-income and low-income countries. The affordability of FT across WHO Regions was dependent upon the economic mix of WHO Regions' member states. FT is still unaffordable for many people, particularly in low-income settings. Strategies to improve the universal affordability of FT should be part of health policy decisions in order to contribute to reducing dental caries as a global public health problem.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
BackgroundFluoride toothpaste (FT) has recently been included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Whereas it is essential for preventing dental caries, its current affordability around the ...globe remains unclear. This study aimed to analyse the affordability of FT in as many as possible countries worldwide, to capture the extent of variations in FT affordability between high-, middle- and low-income countries.MethodsA standardized protocol was developed to collect country-specific information about the characteristics of the cheapest available FT at a regular point of purchase. 82 members of the WHO Global Oral Health Network of Chief Dental Officers (CDOs), directors of WHO Collaborative Centres and other oral health experts collected data using mobile phone technology. In line with established methodologies to assess affordability, the Fluoride Toothpaste Affordability Ratio (FTAR) was calculated as the expenditure associated with the recommended annual consumption of FT relative to the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government worker (FTAR >1 = unaffordable spending on fluoride toothpaste).ResultsThere are significant differences in the affordability of FT across 78 countries. FT was strongly affordable in high-income countries, relatively affordable in upper middle-income countries, and strongly unaffordable in lower middle-income and low-income countries. The affordability of FT across WHO Regions was dependent upon the economic mix of WHO Regions' member states.ConclusionFT is still unaffordable for many people, particularly in low-income settings. Strategies to improve the universal affordability of FT should be part of health policy decisions in order to contribute to reducing dental caries as a global public health problem.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Dental services are significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Almost all dental procedures carry a high infection risk for providers and patients due to the spread of aerosols. As a ...consequence, public health agencies and professional associations have issued guidelines for enhanced infection control and personal protection equipment and have also limited care to urgent or emergency services. However, there is no dental service concept for pandemic disaster preparedness or response that might be applied. Moreover, pathways to dental care provision in a post-pandemic future with persisting risks are needed. We propose Safer Aerosol-Free Emergent Dentistry (SAFER Dentistry) as one approach to dental services during and emerging from the pandemic. The concept's starting point is the identification of the most common patient needs. The next step is to replace common treatments addressing the most frequent needs with alternative interventions involving a lower infection risk because they do not generate aerosols. SAFER Dentistry is innovative, avoids risk, and responds to the requirements of a pandemic and post-pandemic emergency where the risk of airborne disease transmission remains high. SAFER Dentistry thereby ensures continuity of dental services while protecting providers and patients from infectious pathogens. Moreover, SAFER Dentistry allows dental service providers to remain operational and generate income even under pandemic conditions. Potential implementation and policy options for SAFER Dentistry include universal availability without co-payments by patients and a uniform bundled payment scheme for providers to simplify budgeting, reimbursement, and administration during a pandemic. Adaptations and adjustments of the concept are possible and encouraged as long as the principle of avoiding aerosol-generating procedures is maintained.
Harvard School of Dental Medicine’ Initiative to Integrate Oral Health and Medicine, in collaboration with Harvard’s Center for Integration Science and Global Health Institute, convened global ...experts in integration science and medical dental integration specifically, to call attention to the need for universal health coverage concepts that incorporate essential oral health services and thereby address equity and population health gaps.
Across the globe, there are many innovative financial, clinical and educational programs that strive to provide comprehensive and universal healthcare that includes oral health. The goal of the symposium was to showcase successful examples of programs and policies that are improving health and quality of life, particularly for communities suffering disparities, through the integration of oral healthcare into primary and secondary levels of care.
Symposium participants ranged from ministers of health to village healthcare workers to academics, who shared their successes and challenges integrating medical and oral healthcare. However, despite innovative examples spanning integration of care for infectious and noncommunicable diseases as well as social determinants, more work is required to: heighten awareness of the essentialism of oral health; strengthen the evidence for effective oral healthcare; and highlight the opportunity to improve health and equity through interprofessional collaboration.
This commentary presents the key points from a subject matter expert discussion, theorizing through the lens of political economy about the challenges to advance the integration of oral healthcare within universal healthcare, and how the inspiring examples of success showcased throughout during the symposium surmounted systemic and cultural barriers to holistic care.
Zusammenfassung
Orale Erkrankungen sind ein signifikantes globales Gesundheitsproblem über alle Länder und Bevölkerungsgruppen hinweg. Mit fast 3,5 Mrd. Erkrankungsfällen (2017) sind so viele ...Menschen betroffen wie von keiner anderen Krankheitsgruppe. Die Haupterkrankungen sind unbehandelte Karies der bleibenden oder der Milchzähne, fortgeschrittene Parodontopathien, Zahnlosigkeit sowie Karzinome der Mundhöhle und Lippen. Bei weitgehend unverändert hoher globaler Prävalenz erhöhen durch Bevölkerungswachstum bedingte stark steigende Fallzahlen den Druck auf schwache oder überlastete Gesundheitssysteme, insbesondere in Ländern der unteren und mittleren Einkommensgruppen.
Dennoch wird der Mundgesundheit in vielen Ländern nur unzureichende Priorität eingeräumt und sie erhält als wichtiges Thema im gesundheitspolitischen Diskurs der deutschen und globalen Akteure nach wie vor wenig Aufmerksamkeit. Eine der fundamentalen Herausforderungen ist dabei die Gewährleistung eines allgemeinen und fairen Zugangs zu adäquater universeller Basisgesundheitsversorgung für alle Menschen ohne Verursachung von finanziellen Härten (Universal Health Coverage).
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen einführenden Überblick über die globalen Trends der weltweiten Krankheitslast der oralen Haupterkrankungen, die von starken Ungleichheiten geprägt sind. Verbesserungsansätze aus der bevölkerungsweiten Risikoreduktion und Prävention, der Versorgungsplanung sowie gesundheitspolitische Lösungen werden kurz vorgestellt. Dabei werden die im internationalen Diskurs wichtigen Themen angesprochen und die im Rahmen einer
Lancet
-Artikelserie zur globalen Mundgesundheit aus dem Jahr 2019 entwickelten Reformbereiche besprochen. Schließlich werden neue Initiativen diskutiert sowie Empfehlungen für die deutsche und internationale gesundheitliche Entwicklungspolitik gegeben, die in den kommenden Jahren die Situation der globalen Mundgesundheit entscheidend verbessern könnten.
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