Salmonella serovars are differentially able to infect chickens. The underlying causes are not yet fully understood. Aim of the present study was to elucidate the importance of Salmonella ...Pathogenicity Island 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and -2) for the virulence of two non-host-specific, but in-vivo differently invasive, Salmonella serovars in conjunction with the immune reaction of the host. Primary avian splenic macrophages were inoculated with Salmonella enterica sub-species enterica serovar (S.) Typhimurium and S. Infantis. The number and viability of intracellular bacteria and transcription of SPI-1 and -2 genes by the pathogens, as well as transcription of immune-related proteins, surface antigen expression and nitric oxide production by the macrophages, were compared at different times post inoculation. After infection, both of the Salmonella serovars were found inside the primary macrophages. Invasion-associated SPI-1 genes were significantly higher transcribed in S. Infantis- than S. Typhimurium-infected macrophages. The macrophages counteracted the S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium infection with elevated mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha factor (LITAF) as well as with an increased synthesis of nitric oxide. Despite these host cell attacks, S. Typhimurium was better able than S. Infantis to survive within the macrophages and transcribed higher rates of the SPI-2 genes spiC, ssaV, sifA, and sseA. The results showed similar immune reactions of primary macrophages after infection with both of the Salmonella strains. The more rapid and stronger transcription of SPI-2-related genes by intracellular S. Typhimurium compared to S. Infantis might be responsible for its better survival in avian primary macrophages.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Day-old chicks are very susceptible to infections with Salmonella enterica subspecies. The gut mucosa is the initial site of host invasion and provides the first line of defense against the bacteria. ...To study the potential of different S. enterica serovars to invade the gut mucosa and trigger an immune response, day-old chicks were infected orally with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. enterica serovar Hadar, or S. enterica serovar Infantis, respectively. The localization of Salmonella organisms in gut mucosa and the number of immune cells in cecum were determined by immunohistochemistry in the period between 4 h and 9 days after infection. Using quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, mRNA expression of various cytokines, chemokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was examined in cecum. As a result, all S. enterica serovars were able to infect epithelial cells and the lamina propria. Notably, serovar Enteritidis showed the highest invasiveness of lamina propria tissue, whereas serovars Typhimurium and Hadar displayed moderate invasiveness and serovar Infantis hardly any invasion capabilities. Only a limited number of bacteria of all serovars were found within intestinal macrophages. Elevated numbers of granulocytes, CD8⁺ cells, and TCR1⁺ cells and mRNA expression rates for interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha factor, and iNOS in cecum correlated well with the invasiveness of serovars in the lamina propria. In contrast, changes in numbers of TCR2⁺ and CD4⁺ cells and IL-2 mRNA expression seemed to be more dependent on infection of epithelial cells. The data indicate that the capability of Salmonella serovars to enter the cecal mucosa and invade lower regions affects both the level and character of the immune response in tissue.
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream where heterophils and monocytes ...are potentially able to phagocytose and kill the pathogens. Using an ex vivo chicken whole blood infection model, we compared the complex interactions of the differentially host-adapted SE and SG with immune cells in blood samples of two White Leghorn chicken lines showing different laying performance (WLA: high producer; R11: low producer). In order to examine the dynamic interaction between peripheral blood leucocytes and the Salmonella serovars, we performed flow cytometric analyses and survival assays measuring (i) leucocyte numbers, (ii) pathogen association with immune cells, (iii) Salmonella viability and (iv) immune gene transcription in infected whole blood over a four-hour co-culture period. Inoculation of blood from the two chicken lines with Salmonella led primarily to an interaction of the bacteria with monocytes, followed by heterophils and thrombocytes. We found higher proportions of monocytes associated with SE than with SG. In blood samples of high producing chickens, a decrease in the numbers of both heterophils and Salmonella was observed. The Salmonella challenge induced transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was more pronounced in SG- than SE-inoculated blood of R11. In conclusion, the stronger interaction of monocytes with SE than SG and the better survivability of Salmonella in blood of low-producer chickens shows that the host-pathogen interaction and the strength of the immune defence depend on both the Salmonella serovar and the chicken line.
Allied health professionals working in rural areas face unique challenges, often with limited access to resources. Accessing continuing professional development is one of those challenges and is ...related to retention of workforce. Effectiveness of distance learning strategies for continuing professional development in rural allied healthcare workers has not been evaluated.
We searched 17 databases and the grey literature up to September 2016 following the PRISMA guidelines. Any primary studies were included that focussed on allied health and distance delivery regardless of education topic or study design. Two independent reviewers extracted data and critically appraised the selected studies.
The search returned 5257 results. With removal of duplicate references, we reviewed 3964 article titles and abstracts; n = 206 appeared potentially eligible and were scrutinised via full text screening; n = 14 were included. Studies were published between 1997 and 2016, were of varied methodological quality and were predominantly from Australia, USA and Canada with a focus on satisfaction of learners with the delivery method or on measures of educational outcomes. Technologies used to deliver distance education included video conference, teleconference, web based platforms and virtual reality. Early papers tended to focus more on the technology characteristics than educational outcomes. Some studies compared technology based delivery to face to face modes and found satisfaction and learning outcomes to be on par. Only three studies reported on practice change following the educational intervention and, despite a suggestion there is a link between the constructs, none measured the relationship between access to continuing professional development and workforce retention.
Technology based options of delivery have a high utility, however the complex inter-relatedness of time, use, travel, location, costs, interactivity, learning outcomes and educational design suggest a need for more sophisticated consideration by educational providers.
Registration with PROSPERO 30 June 2016: CRD42016041588 .
This study aimed to investigate rehabilitation staff perceptions of factors influencing stroke survivor activity outside of dedicated therapy time for the purpose of supporting successful translation ...of activity promoting interventions in a rehabilitation unit.
Purposive sampling of multi-disciplinary teams from four rehabilitation units was performed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone, digitally audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. A stepped iterative process of thematic analysis was employed until data saturation was reached.
All but one of the 22 participants were female, the majority were either physiotherapists or occupational therapists, with a median of 4 years (interquartile range, 2-10) working at their respective rehabilitation units. Analysis of the data revealed three themes: (i) stroke survivor characteristics influence their activity outside therapy, (ii) the rehabilitation environment influences physical, cognitive, and social activity, and (iii) institutional priorities, staff culture, and attitude can be barriers to activity. Rehabilitation units were perceived to be unstimulating, and visitors considered enablers of activity when resources were perceived to be scarce.
Our results suggest careful consideration of the involvement of visitors, an individual's needs and preferences, and the institution's priorities and staff attitude may result in greater stroke survivor activity during rehabilitation.
Implications for rehabilitation
Staff should consider stroke survivor impairments and a rehabilitation unit's institutional priorities and staff attitudes when aiming to enhance stroke survivor engagement in activity.
The physical and social environment of a rehabilitation unit can be optimised by rehabilitation staff to promote activity.
Utilisation of visitors of stroke survivors on a rehabilitation unit may be one way to enhance engagement in activity.
Discussion within the rehabilitation team concerning "ownership" of the role of supporting stroke survivor activity outside of structured therapy time may support better engagement in same.
ObjectivesTo identify how social return on investment (SROI) analysis—traditionally used by business consultants—has been interpreted, used and innovated by academics in the health and social care ...sector and to assess the quality of peer-reviewed SROI studies in this sector.DesignSystematic review.SettingsCommunity and residential settings.ParticipantsA wide range of demographic groups and age groups.ResultsThe following databases were searched: Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Econlit, Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, Emerald, Social Care Online and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Limited uptake of SROI methodology by academics was found in the health and social care sector. From 868 papers screened, 8 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Study quality was found to be highly variable, ranging from 38% to 90% based on scores from a purpose-designed quality assessment tool. In general, relatively high consistency and clarity was observed in the reporting of the research question, reasons for using this methodology and justifying the need for the study. However, weaknesses were observed in other areas including justifying stakeholders, reporting sample sizes, undertaking sensitivity analysis and reporting unexpected or negative outcomes. Most papers cited links to additional materials to aid in reporting. There was little evidence that academics had innovated or advanced the methodology beyond that outlined in a much-cited SROI guide.ConclusionAcademics have thus far been slow to adopt SROI methodology in the evaluation of health and social care interventions, and there is little evidence of innovation and development of the methodology. The word count requirements of peer-reviewed journals may make it difficult for authors to be fully transparent about the details of their studies, potentially impacting the quality of reporting in those studies published in these journals.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018080195.
Introduction
After traumatic injuries community participation is a common goal, promoting wellbeing and independence. Community mobility and transportation influence an individual's independence in ...community participation. With the ability to drive safely often compromised after traumatic injuries, the adverse consequences of driving cessation include a loss of identity and reduced participation in chosen activities. In rehabilitation, individualized community mobility intervention is not routinely provided. The primary aim of this trial was to evaluate whether a group-based intervention, the CarFreeMe TI program was more effective than standard intervention, an information sheet of alternative transport, in improving community mobility for people following traumatic injuries. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect: types of transport used, transport satisfaction, community mobility self-efficacy, quality of life, goal satisfaction and performance, for people following traumatic injuries; and to undertake a preliminary assessment of the potential resource use associated with the intervention, and lessons for implementation.
Design
Prospective, pilot, randomized, blind observer, controlled trial with crossover.
Participants
Twenty individuals with traumatic injuries.
Intervention
Six-week group-based support and education program, the CarFreeMe TI delivered in community settings (intervention) and standard information related to transport options available (control).
Primary Outcome Measures
Community participation using a Global Positioning System device to record the location and number of outings from home.
Secondary Outcome Measures
CarFreeMe TI Transport Questionnaire, Community Mobility Self-efficacy Scale, quality of life measures, Modified Canadian Occupational Performance Measure for goals (importance and satisfaction), participant satisfaction survey results and researcher logs.
Results
Those who received the intervention were more likely to use public transport and transport services and had an improved quality of life, when compared to the control group. The intervention group also reported high levels of improvement in goal performance and satisfaction. Global Positioning System data collection was incomplete, with geolocation data unusable. There was no significant change in number/type of visits away from home.
Conclusions
A group-based community mobility education program promoted modes of active independent transport but did not impact on outings from home. Future research could include passive collection methods using a smartphone to record community participation.
Clinical Trial Registration
https://www.anzctr.org.au/
, identifier: ACTRN12616001254482.
Avian γδ T lymphocytes are frequently found in blood and organs and are assumed to be crucial to the immune defense against Salmonella infections of chicks. To elucidate the so-far-unknown ...immunological features of subpopulations of avian γδ T cells in the course of infection, day-old chicks were infected orally with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Until 11 days after infection, the occurrence as well as transcription of the CD8 antigen and immunologically relevant protein genes of CD8α⁻ and CD8α⁺high (CD8αα⁺ CD8αβ⁺) γδ cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with blood, spleen, thymus, and cecum samples. After infection, an increased percentage of CD8α⁺high γδ T lymphocytes was found in blood, in spleen, and, with the highest values and most rapidly, in cecum. Within the CD8α⁺high subset, a significant rise in the number of CD8αα⁺ cells was accompanied by enhanced CD8α antigen expression and reduced gene transcription of the CD8β chain. CD8αα⁺ and CD8αβ⁺ cells showed elevated transcription for Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). While the highest fold changes in mRNA levels were observed in CD8αβ⁺ cells, the mRNA expression rates of CD8αβ⁺ cells never significantly exceeded those of the CD8αα⁺ cells. In conclusion, both CD8α⁺high γδ T-cell subpopulations (CD8αα⁺ and CD8αβ⁺) might be a potential source of IFN-γ in Salmonella-infected chicks. However, due to their prominent frequency in blood and organs after infection, the avian CD8αα⁺ γδ T-cell subset seems to be unique and of importance in the course of Salmonella Typhimurium infection of very young chicks.
γδT cells are considered crucial to the outcome of various infectiousdiseases. The present study was undertaken to characterizeγδ (T-cell receptor 1⁺TCR1⁺) T cells phenotypically and functionally ...inavian immune response. Day-old chicks were orally immunized withSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis live vaccine or S.enterica serovar Enteritidis wild-type strain and infected usingthe S. enterica serovar Enteritidis wild-type strain on day 44of life. Between days 3 and 71, peripheral blood was examined flowcytometrically for the occurrence of γδ T-cellsubpopulations differentiated by the expression of T-cell antigens.Three different TCR1⁺ cell populations were found todisplay considerable variation regarding CD8α antigenexpression: (i) CD8α⁺highTCR1⁺ cells, (ii)CD8α⁺dim TCR1⁺ cells, and(iii) CD8α⁻ TCR1⁺ cells.While most of the CD8α⁺highTCR1⁺ cells expressed the CD8αβheterodimeric antigen, the majority of theCD8α⁺dim TCR1⁺ cells werefound to express the CD8αα homodimeric form. Afterimmunization, a significant increase ofCD8αα⁺high γδ Tcells was observed within the CD8α⁺highTCR1⁺ cell population. Quantitative reversetranscription-PCR revealed reduced interleukin-7 receptor α(IL-7Rα) and Bcl-x expression and elevated IL-2Rα mRNAexpression of the CD8αα⁺highγδ T cells. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated asignificant increase of CD8α⁺ andTCR1⁺ cells in the cecum and spleen and a decreasedpercentage of CD8β⁺ T cells in the spleenafter Salmonella immunization. After infection of immunizedanimals, immune reactions were restricted to intestinal tissue. Thestudy showed that Salmonella immunization of very young chicksis accompanied by an increase ofCD8αα⁺high γδ Tcells in peripheral blood, which are probably activated, and thusrepresent an important factor for the development of a protectiveimmune response to Salmonella organisms inchickens.
Introduction
Dementia causes the progressive loss of cognitive capacities and thus impairs social and daily living skills. Dementia, to varying degrees, influences driver performance and safety. ...Eventually drivers affected by dementia must stop driving so they do not harm themselves or others. However, having to stop driving can result in loss of mobility and social connections. Therefore, assessing drivers with dementia is important. Driving assessment is susceptible to possible biases, including unreliable driving performance measures or driving routes that are inconsistent in the levels of difficulty of the driving tasks and manoeuvres. The aim of the study was to determine what measures of driving performance could optimally be applied to occupational therapy on-road driving assessments.
Method
All drivers with dementia underwent a 60 minute, set route on-road driving assessment that consisted of 110 pre-programmed observation points.
Results
The study identified 80 sufficiently challenging driving tasks and described the relationship of driving error to that task, for example, critical errors at unguided intersections.
Conclusion
The results of the task-demand by error type analysis identified a list of task items that can be applied to assessment route design to increase consistency of on-road assessment for people with dementia.
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