Previous research has identified increased negative affect as a potential mechanism linking early adversities and later poor mental and physical health. Further, increased self-criticism associated ...with early adversities may partially explain the association between early adversities and negative affect. Early adversities are more common at lower income levels, and much of the previous research has focused on low-income samples. Hence, little is known about whether the association between early adversities and negative affect is similar across income levels. First, we examine the interactive effect of early adversities and family income on negative affect (anger, hostility, shame and guilt) in a sample of 180 young adults (52% female, 73.6% White,
M
age = 21 years). Second, we examine whether self-criticism mediates the association between early adversities and negative affect using moderated mediation analyses. The interaction between early adversities and family income was significant for each outcome. Those from high-income families reported significantly more negative affect when exposed to more early adversities. Further, self-criticism mediated the relationship between early adversities and negative affect, and family income moderated this mediational path such that the mediational effect was stronger at high family income levels. Results are interpreted as consistent with the biological sensitivity to context theory, which suggests individuals from highly supportive and resource rich environments (e.g., high family income) should be more sensitive to stressors than those from moderately supportive, moderately safe environments (e.g., average family income), displaying worse outcomes when exposed to environmental stressors.
Highlights
Income and early adversities show consistent relationships with multiple negative affective traits.
Self-criticism cross-sectionally mediated this relationship.
The nature of early adversities differed by family income.
The combination of more early adversities and high family income predicted the greatest negative affect.
Results are interpreted as consistent with the biological sensitivity to context theory.
Background: Alcohol‐induced zinc deficiency is one of the mechanisms proposed as a cause of developmental brain damage associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. It is known that alcohol exposure during ...the brain growth spurt period leads to cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Therefore, this study examined whether zinc supplementation was capable of preventing alcohol‐induced Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellar vermis in a neonatal rat model system.
Methods: Sprague‐Dawley rat pups were given alcohol (EtOH; 4.5 g/kg/day), zinc (Zn; 0.54 mg/ml diet; 10 times the regular diet Zn concentration), or both from postnatal days (PD) 4 through 9 using the artificial‐rearing paradigm. A gastrostomy control (GC) and a suckle control group (SC) also were included. All pups were killed on PD 10. Following perfusion, the cerebellar vermis was dissected and processed for stereological cell counting. The total number of Purkinje cells and the volume of the cerebellar vermis were determined.
Results: Alcohol produced a significant loss of Purkinje cells compared with that in the GC group (no EtOH and no Zn supplement). The zinc supplementation had no effect in attenuating alcohol‐induced Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellar vermis. In fact, the serum zinc concentration data indicated higher zinc concentrations following either EtOH or Zn treatment. Interestingly, the GC group showed a significantly lower zinc concentration compared with the SC group, even though no significant difference in Purkinje cell numbers was observed between these two control groups.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that alcohol exposure during the third trimester equivalent did not result in zinc deficiency in this neonatal rat model system, nor did zinc supplementation rescue the alcohol‐induced Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellar vermis. These findings showed clearly that the serum zinc concentration was not correlated with Purkinje cell loss, suggesting that alcohol‐induced loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells in this neonatal rat model system is independent of the availability of serum zinc.
We present measurements of the semileptonic decays B- --> D0 tau- nubar, B- --> D*0 tau- nubar, B0bar --> D+ tau- nubar, and B0bar --> D*+ tau- nubar, which are potentially sensitive to non--Standard ...Model amplitudes. The data sample comprises 232x10^6 Upsilon(4S) --> BBbar decays collected with the BaBar detector. From a combined fit to B- and B0bar channels, we obtain the branching fractions B(B --> D tau- nubar) = (0.86 +/- 0.24 +/- 0.11 +/- 0.06)% and B(B --> D* tau- nubar) = (1.62 +/- 0.31 +/- 0.10 +/- 0.05)% (normalized for the B0bar), where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and normalization-mode-related.
We present partial branching fractions for inclusive charmless semileptonic B decays Bbar --> X_u ell nubar, and the determination of the CKM matrix element |V_{ub}|. The analysis is based on a ...sample of 383 million Y(4S) decays into B Bbar pairs collected with the BaBar detector at the PEP-II e+ e- storage rings. We select events using either the invariant mass M_X of the hadronic system, the invariant mass squared, q^2, of the lepton and neutrino pair, the kinematic variable P_+ or one of their combinations. We then determine partial branching fractions in limited regions of phase space: Delta B = (1.18 +- 0.09_{stat.} +- 0.07_{sys.} +- 0.01_{theo.}) x 10^{-3} (M_X < 1.55 GeV/c^2), Delta B = (0.95 +- 0.10_{stat.} +- 0.08_{sys.} +- 0.01_{theo.}) x 10^{-3} (P_+ < 0.66 GeV/c), and Delta B = (0.76 +- 0.08_{stat.} +- 0.07_{sys.} +- 0.02_{theo.}) x 10^{-3} (M_X < 1.7 GeV/c^2, q^2 > 8 GeV^2/c^4). Corresponding values of |V_{ub}| are extracted using several theoretical calculations.
We present branching fraction measurements of the decays B^{+} -> a1(1260)^{+} K^{0} and B^{0} to a1(1260)^{-} K^{+} with a1(1260)^{+} -> pi^{-} pi^{+} pi^{+}. The data sample corresponds to 383 ...million B B-bar pairs produced in e^{+}e^{-} annihilation through the Y(4S) resonance. We measure the products of the branching fractions: B(B^{+}-> a1(1260)^{+} K^{0})B(a1(1260)^{+} -> pi^{-} pi^{+} pi^{+}) = (17.4 +/- 2.5 +/- 2.2) 10^{-6} B(B^{0}-> a1(1260)^{-} K^{+})B(a1(1260)^{-} -> pi^{+} pi^{-} pi^{-}) = (8.2 +/- 1.5 +/- 1.2) 10^{-6}. We also measure the charge asymmetries A_{ch}(B^{+} -> a1(1260)^{+} K^{0})= 0.12 +/- 0.11 +/- 0.02 and A_{ch}(B^{0} -> a1(1260)^{-} K^{+})= -0.16 +/- 0.12 +/- 0.01. The first uncertainty quoted is statistical and the second is systematic.
We have searched for lepton flavor violating decays of a $\tau$ to a lighter-mass charged lepton and an $\omega$ vector mesonusing 384.1 $fb^{-}$ of $e^+e^- $ annihilation data collected with the ...BABAR detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center PEP-II storage ring. No signal is found, and the upper limits on the branching ratios are determined to be ${\cal B}(\tau^{\pm} \to \mathrm{e}^{\pm} \omega) < 1.1\times10^{-7}$ and ${\cal B}(\tau^{\pm} \to \mu^{\pm} \omega) < 1.0\times10^{-7}$ at 90% confidence level.
We report results of a search for CPT and Lorentz violation in B0-B0bar oscillations using inclusive dilepton events from 232 million Y(4S) --> BBbar decays recorded by the BABAR detector at the ...PEP-II B Factory at SLAC. We find 2.8sigma significance, compatible with no signal, for variations in the complex CPT violation parameter z at the Earth's sidereal frequency and extract values for the quantities \Delta(a_\mu) in the general Lorentz-violating standard-model extension. The spectral powers for variations in z over the frequency range 0.26/year to 2.1/day are also compatible with no signal.
We report the observation of the b -> d penguin-dominated decay B0 -> K*0 K*0bar with a sample of 383.2 +/- 4.2 million BBbar pairs collected with the BaBar detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy ...e^+e^- collider at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The measured branching fraction is Br(B0 -> K*0 K*0bar) = 0.49^{+0.16}_{-0.13} +/- 0.05 x 10^{-6} and the fraction of longitudinal polarization f_L (B0 -> K*0 K*0bar) = 0.81^{+0.10}_{-0.12} +/- 0.06. The first error quoted is statistical and the second systematic. We also obtain an upper limit at the 90% confidence level on the branching fraction for Br(B0 ->K*0 K*0) < 0.18 x 10^{-6}.
We report the results of a study of the decays B^+ -> J/psi omega K^+ and B^0 -> J/psi omega K_S^0 using 383 million B Bbar events from Y4S decays with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II ...asymmetric-energy e^+ e^- storage rings. We observe evidence for Y(3940) -> J/psi omega with product branching fractions B(B^+ -> Y K^+, Y -> J/psi omega) = (4.9 +- 1.0 (stat) +- 0.5 (syst)) * 10^{-5} and B(B^0 -> Y K^0, Y -> J/psi omega) = (1.5 ^{+1.4}_{-1.2} (stat) ^{+0.2}_{-0.2} (syst))* 10^{-5}. The measured mass and width are M(Y)= (3914.6 ^{+3.8}_{-3.4} (stat) ^{+1.9}_{-1.9} (syst)) MeV/c^2 and \Gamma (Y)= (33^{+12}_{-8}(stat)^{+5}_{-5}(syst)) MeV, respectively.