Purpose: To review cases of secondary intracranial meningiomas following high-dose cranial irradiation (≥ 10 Gy) identified in Slovenia between 1968 and 1998, to determine their histological profile ...and to review the literature on this topic.
Methods and Materials: Personal files of patients treated for secondary intracranial meningioma during a 31-year period were reviewed. In cases which met the criteria for radiation-induced tumors, steroid hormone receptor and Ki-67 status were analyzed. For the literature review, computerized database systems and reference lists from respective publications were used.
Results: Five patients (2 females, 3 males), 3–11 years old at the time of cranial irradiation, developed secondary meningioma after a latency period of 9.5–31.5 years. Three patients had multiple tumors and 2 developed recurrent disease. Of 9 histologically examined tumors, 5 were graded as benign and 4 as atypical meningiomas, with Ki-67 proliferative index 3.2 ± 3.6 and 10 ± 6, respectively. The ratio between positive and negative meningiomas regarding immunostaining for progesterone and estrogen receptors was eight-to-one and six-to-three, respectively. Cumulative actuarial risk of secondary meningioma in a cohort of 445 children 16 years or younger treated with high-dose cranial irradiation between 1968 and 1990 in Slovenia at 10, 20, and 25 years was 0.53%, 1.2%, and 8.18%, respectively. Out of 126 cases of radiation-induced meningiomas reported, 57% were females and 43% were males, with mean age at presentation 33 ± 17.3 years. The majority (68%) of patients was irradiated during childhood. The latency period was significantly shorter in those who aged 5 years or less at the time of cranial irradiation (
p = 0.04), and in those with atypical/anaplastic tumor (
p = 0.01). Correlation between radiation dose and latency period could not be found.
Conclusion: Secondary meningiomas following high-dose cranial irradiation are characterized by younger age at presentation, by higher male-to-female ratio and by biologically more aggressive variants compared to primary spontaneous meningiomas. Latency period correlated with the age at the time of cranial irradiation and with tumor grade but not with irradiation dose. Ki-67 immunoreactivity correlated with histological grade. The progesterone and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity was high. The risk for development of secondary meningioma after high-dose cranial irradiation was increasing with the time of follow-up.
Reports on childhood cancer survivors estimated cumulative probability of developing secondary neoplasms vary from 3.3% to 25% at 25 years from diagnosis, and the risk of developing another cancer to ...several times greater than in the general population.
In our retrospective study, we have used the classification tree multivariate method on a group of 849 first cancer survivors, to identify childhood cancer patients with the greatest risk for development of secondary neoplasms.
In observed group of patients, 34 develop secondary neoplasm after treatment of primary cancer. Analysis of parameters present at the treatment of first cancer, exposed two groups of patients at the special risk for secondary neoplasm. First are female patients treated for Hodgkin's disease at the age between 10 and 15 years, whose treatment included radiotherapy. Second group at special risk were male patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were treated at the age between 4.6 and 6.6 years of age.
The risk groups identified in our study are similar to the results of studies that used more conventional approaches. Usefulness of our approach in study of occurrence of second neoplasms should be confirmed in larger sample study, but user friendly presentation of results makes it attractive for further studies.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This is a long-term follow-up clinical study of adolescents and adults, survivors of childhood cancer. We evaluate and analyze the late somatic sequelae of childhood cancer treatment. Many such ...studies are susceptible to a strong selection bias, i.e., they employ a limited non-systematic sample of patients, based on a clinical hospital that provided the cancer treatment or performed the follow-up. To address the issue of selection bias, we perform here an analysis of late sequelae on a systematic database of the entire population of the children treated for cancer in Slovenia. Due to the specifics of cancer treatment procedures in Slovenia, they have all been treated and followed-up in the same clinic.
The data are based on the centralized registry of cancer patients in Slovenia and present a controlled and homogeneous collection. Late sequelae are evaluated following a modified CTCAE, i.e., the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. We use survival analysis method to estimate the incidence of and risk for late sequelae, where the time variable is measured in years from the diagnosis date, while we follow the event of incidence of late sequelae scored other than none. Survival analysis is performed using Kaplan Meier estimator and Cox regression model.
The incidence of mild, moderate, or severe late sequelae of childhood cancer treatment significantly decreased from 75% in the group of patients diagnosed before 1975 to 55% for those diagnosed after 1995. The Cox regression analysis of the risk factors for the incidence of late sequelae identifies three significant factors: treatment modalities, age at diagnosis, and primary diagnosis.
The change of treatment modalities in terms of replacement of surgery and radiotherapy with chemotherapy is the main reason for the decrease of the incidence and the risk for late sequelae of childhood cancer treatment; treatment modalities including surgery significantly increase the risk ratio of late sequelae, while those based on chemotherapy only significantly decreases the risk. Risk of late sequelae increases with the diagnosis age: younger children are more susceptible to late effects of treatment. Finally, primary diagnosis significantly influences the risk for late sequelae, but mostly due to the dependency of the treatment modality on the primary diagnosis.
With improved childhood cancer cure rate, long term sequelae are becoming an important factor of quality of life. Signs of cardiovascular disease are frequently found in long term survivors of ...cancer. Cardiac damage may be related to irradiation and chemotherapy.We have evaluated simultaneous influence of a series of independent variables on the late cardiac damage in childhood cancer survivors in Slovenia and identified groups at the highest risk.
211 long-term survivors of different childhood cancers, at least five years after treatment were included in the study. The evaluation included history, physical examination, electrocardiograpy, exercise testing and echocardiograpy. For analysis of risk factors, beside univariate analysis, multivariate classification tree analysis statistical method was used.
Patients treated latest, from 1989-98 are at highest risk for any injury to the heart (73%). Among those treated earlier are at the highest risk those with Hodgkin's disease treated with irradiation above 30 Gy and those treated for sarcoma. Among specific forms of injury, patients treated with radiation to the heart area are at highest risk of injury to the valves. Patients treated with large doses of anthracyclines or concomitantly with anthracyclines and alkylating agents are at highest risk of systolic function defect and enlarged heart chambers. Those treated with anthracyclines are at highest risk of diastolic function defect. The time period of the patient's treatment is emerged as an important risk factor for injury of the heart.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sixty-one long-term survivors, treated for brain tumors in childhood, were evaluated in term of neurological impairments, disability, and handicap. Thirty-eight patients (pts) (62%) had at least one ...impairment. Visual impairment was detected in 14 pts (24%), associated with recurrence ( p = .012). Thirty-four patients (56%) had motor impairment, associated with sex (female) in irradiated patients; 13 (21%) had epilepsy, associated with supratentorial tumor site ( p = .001). The same number of patients had brain atrophy; risk factors were hydrocephalus at diagnosis and perioperative complications. Sixteen patients (30%) had IQ score <80, associated with young age at first treatment ( p = .006) and recurrence ( p = .043). Twenty-seven out of 61 of our patients (44%) were disabled: 12 mildly, 14 moderately, and 1 severely. Epilepsy was the most important risk factor for disability. Cognitive impairment, motor impairment, and epilepsy were associated with employment (43%); cognitive impairment was also associated with education.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Pacienti po zdravljenju raka v otroštvu so glede samomorilnosti izrazito občutljiva skupina. Pri njih sta povišana tako razmišljanje o samomoru kot tudi dejanski samomor. V slovenskem prostoru sicer ...ne beležimo povišane stopnje samomora pri tej skupini pacientov. Od 1.647 pacientov, ki so bili v otroštvu zdravljeni za rakom, so zaradi samomora umrli trije. V pričujočem članku so predstavljeni vsi trije pacienti, ki so storili samomor. Iz podatkov, ki so nam na voljo, smo sklepali na sorodnosti in različnosti, ki so botrovale razvoju samomorilnosti pri vsakem od njih. Ugotovimo lahko, da je bilo kljub razlikam v poteku in zdravljenju bolezni skupno vsem trem pacientom to, da niso bili deležni polne strokovne psihološke pomoči, ki naj bi bila namenjena pacientom po zdravljenju raka v otroštvu. Razvoj dobre strokovne mreže na tem področju bi lahko omogočil vključitev večjega števila pacientov, da bi lahko spregovorili o svojih psihičnih težavah. S tem bi lahko pomembno prispevali k preprečevanju samomora pri tej ranljivi skupini pacientov.
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