Charter schools offer something that public school systems, parents, and teachers need: a way to experiment with alternative ways of teaching, motivating students, organizing schools, using ...technology, and employing teachers. While people came down on both sides of support for or against charter schools, everyone was surprised by how difficult it was to assess charter school performance. The first part of this book focuses on how to improve estimates of charter schools' performance, especially their benefits to students who attend them; the second part suggests how policymakers can learn more about charter schools and make better use of evidence. The editors and authors suggest ways states and localities can improve the quality of data on which charter school studies are based and trace some of the ways charter school research influences policy.
Several rules-based algorithms have been developed to interpret results of HIV-1 genotypic resistance tests. To assess the concordance of these algorithms and to identify sequences causing ...interalgorithm discordances, we applied four publicly available algorithms to the sequences of isolates from 2,045 individuals in northern California. Drug resistance interpretations were classified as S for susceptible, I for intermediate, and R for resistant. Of 30,675 interpretations (2,045 sequences x 15 drugs), 4.4% were completely discordant, with at least one algorithm assigning an S and another an R; 29.2% were partially discordant, with at least one algorithm assigning an S and another an I, or at least one algorithm assigning an I and another an R; and 66.4% displayed complete concordance, with all four algorithms assigning the same interpretation. Discordances between nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor interpretations usually resulted from several simple, frequently occurring mutational patterns. Discordances between protease inhibitor interpretations resulted from a larger number of more complex mutation patterns. Discordances between nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor interpretations were uncommon and resulted from a small number of individual drug resistance mutations. Determining the clinical significance of these mutation patterns responsible for interalgorithm discordances will improve interalgorithm concordance and the accuracy of genotypic resistance interpretation.
Aims: To investigate the breakdown of cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticide‐based used sheep dip (USD), with its indigenous microbial community and two previously isolated SP‐degrading ...microorganisms.
Methods and Results: Cultures of USD (50 ml) containing 250 ml l−1 cypermethrin were inoculated with the SP‐degrading organisms and incubated at 25°C with agitation at 80 rev min−1 for 14 days. The viable cell counts and concentration of cypermethrin were monitored. A non‐stimulated control was also carried out. The previously isolated bacteria were the most effective at degrading cypermethrin, leaving approximately two‐thirds the concentration of SP as was found in the control. The non‐stimulated cultures showed negligible breakdown of SP over the experimental period.
Conclusions: The previously isolated SP‐degrading bacteria could have a use in the treatment of SP USD.
Significance and Impact of Study: In situ treatment of SP‐based USDs to detoxify the active ingredient before disposal could be very useful in helping to deal with agricultural pesticide waste. Such an approach, or by ex situ treatment would be more preferable to current methods, such as those of incineration and disposal to land.
While just-in-time ideas have been enthusiastically embraced by manufacturing practitioners, the small replenishment batch sizes advocated are difficult to reconcile with the standard management ...science cost trade-off approach. In a previous paper by the authors, which analysed a multi-product manufacturing scenario under deterministic demand, this difficulty was diagnosed as being due to the standard assumption that capital for inventory is borrowed and hence boundless. When inventory is financed by investors and is thus finite, the investment level must be treated as an additional variable in the decision to adopt inventory reduction policies. For lean investments which might be chosen to maximise return on investment (ROI) rather than absolute profit, or for reasons of flexibility, JIT replenishment becomes more attractive for certain components than the standard analysis would suggest because the capital formerly invested in these components can be reinvested in the inventory of the remaining batch components to improve efficiencies. This paper treats the stochastic version of the same problem, develops a tractable solution method for the decision problem, and in addition to reinforcing the findings of the previous study, reveals several other ways in which JIT replenishment and component substitution can improve performance by limiting the cost of dealing with uncertainty. The analysis is illustrated using an actual case study of a small manufacturing enterprise seeking to reduce inventory and increase ROI.
In a prospective double-blind trial, the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant baculovirus influenza A vaccines containing purified full-length hemagglutinin (HA) were compared with ...standard trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIY). The recombinant baculovirus influenza A vaccines (THAO)were monovalent (containing 45 µg of A/Beijing/92H3 and 15,45, and 135 µg of A/Texas/ 91H1)) and bivalent (containing 45 µg of both A/Beijing/92 and A/Texas/91). The bivalent rHAO vaccine produced fewer local side effects than the TIY (50% vs. 88%, P = .003). The hemagglutinin inhibition (HAl) responses (defined as a ⩾4 increase in HAl) to A/Beijing rHAO in the monovalent A/Beijing/92, the bivalent vaccine, and the TIY were 68%, 76%, and 46%, respectively (P = .086). Increasing doses of A/Texas rHAO (15 µg 60%, 45 µg 69%, and 135 µg 76%)) and bivalent HA (76%) gave better immunologic responses to H1 than did TIY (31%; P = .003).
The synthesis and characterization of diblock and triblock copolymers produced by a two-component iniferter system is reported. These materials, designed for possible water treatment applications, ...consist of a hydrophilic poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) block and a very low surface energy poly(1,1‘-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate) (PFOMA) or poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) (PTAN) block. Angle-dependent X-ray spectroscopy results and water contact angle measurements indicate that the surfaces of PDMAEMA-b-PFOMA diblock copolymers consist primarily of PFOMA. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the block copolymers are microphase-separated, exhibiting either cylindrical or layered morphologies that do not change appreciably upon exposure to water. Both water uptake and water flux increase with increasing PDMAEMA content.
The analysis and results of an occultation of the spectroscopic binary star 1 Vulpeculae by the asteroid (2) Pallas, observed from 130 locations, are presented. Combination of solutions from this and ...previous occultations shows the triaxial shape of Pallas to be elongated, but not severely, with the ratio of the largest to the smallest axes being less than 1.15. The data provide a separation and a position angle of the secondary component of 1 Vulpeculae and indicate that the star's actual parallax is probably near 0.008 arcsec, half of the published value. The analysis gives a calibration of the accuracy and the reaction time corrections for visual observations of asteroidal occultations. The absence of any confirmed secondary extinctions shows that any satellites of Pallas must be rare or small. The photometric observations seem to rule out a substantial cloud of dust surrounding Pallas postulated previously.
Several regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins contain a G protein γ -subunit-like (GGL) domain, which, as we have shown, binds to Gβ 5 subunits. Here, we extend our original findings by ...describing another GGL-domain-containing RGS, human RGS6. When RGS6 is coexpressed with different Gβ subunits, only RGS6 and Gβ 5 interact. The expression of mRNA for RGS6 and Gβ 5 in human tissues overlaps. Predictions of α -helical and coiled-coil character within GGL domains, coupled with measurements of Gβ binding by GGL domain mutants, support the contention that Gγ-like regions within RGS proteins interact with Gβ 5 subunits in a fashion comparable to conventional Gβ/Gγ pairings. Mutation of the highly conserved Phe-61 residue of Gγ 2 to tryptophan, the residue present in all GGL domains, increases the stability of the Gβ 3/Gγ 2 heterodimer, highlighting the importance of this residue to GGL/Gβ 5 association.
Elevated expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) can benefit a microbial pathogen struggling to penetrate host defenses during infection, but at the same time might provide a crucial signal alerting ...the host immune system to its presence. To determine which of these effects predominate, we constructed a mutant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that constitutively overexpresses Hsp70 proteins. Although the mutant was fully virulent in the initial stage of infection, it was significantly impaired in its ability to persist during the subsequent chronic phase. Induction of microbial genes encoding HSPs might provide a novel strategy to boost the immune response of individuals with latent tuberculosis infection.
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