PurposeThe study attempts to build a creative learning transfer (CLT) theory represented by a nomological network incorporating relevant theories and empirical support for the relationships among the ...transfer predictors in the learning transfer system (LTS), leaders' CLT and their job performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used 76-item survey data from 471 managers who worked for 16 large companies located in South Korea, had completed leadership training at least three months before the data collection and had received a performance review just before the data collection. A series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and reliability tests were conducted, followed by a common method variance test and structural equation modeling.FindingsA nomological network of LTS, CLT and job performance was established. The findings supported the mechanism for motivating managers to transfer acquired leadership skills to challenging organizational situations and eventually, increase their managerial job performance. This study provided a parsimonious CLT scale and verified the influence of CLT on leaders' job performance.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to measure the concept of CLT and suggest a parsimonious CLT scale. In addition, this study conceptualized, operationalized and confirmed a nomological network for CLT. Organizations may develop such a system and help managers apply the learned leadership knowledge and skills to novel business situations for creating more competitive work systems, products and services.
The importance of cross-functional integration (CFI) teams involving workers with multiple forms of functional expertise to work on new product development cannot be overemphasized. CFI is an organic ...structure and it allows the team members' tacit knowledge embedded in individuals to be realized in the new product development team's collective knowledge – a holistic appreciation and understanding about how to achieve new product development goals. Specifically, despite the pivotal role of CFI and knowledge appreciation in new product development teams, scholars appear to have overlooked the integration of individual level factors, team level factors, individual tacit knowledge, and group collective knowledge within the context of achieving the new product development objectives. Adopting knowledge, CFI, and socialization theories, we propose a conceptual framework that stipulates that the factors at the team level (
goal congruence, task cohesion, interpersonal cohesion, and
transformational leadership) and the qualification of team members (
common knowledge, functional expertise, and
their positions in the network) influence the effectiveness of tacit-to-collective knowledge transformation.
Buyers and suppliers must concern themselves with opportunism, a phenomenon empirically established in exchange relationships. What causes firms to behave opportunistically? What are the consequences ...of firms' opportunistic behavior? To date, these antecedents and consequences have not been comprehensively synthesized. Herein, the opportunism phenomenon is revisited to expose research gaps and chart new directions that will enhance our understanding of buyer–supplier relationships. First, we provide a brief review of two critical theories of exchange that provide a theoretical foundation for opportunism. We next provide an overview of opportunism. Then each of the antecedents and consequences is discussed with emphasis on the contribution of each finding. Finally, and most importantly, several promising paths for further research are proposed.
The hippocampal formation is a region of the forebrain that is important for memory and spatial navigation 1, 2. On the basis of a vast amount of literature, the hippocampus is linked with long-term ...potentiation (LTP), the increased synaptic strength following repeated stimulation of the hippocampal neurons 3, 4. LTP is considered to be the experimental demonstration of Hebb's postulate on synaptic strength and learning 5, and it is the dominant model of an experience-dependent modification of brain circuits. Yet, despite the importance of this phenomenon for brain physiology and behavior, little is known about how experimentally measured regional synaptic modifications alter the activity of global, widespread networks. Here, we use simultaneous fMRI, microstimulation, and electrophysiology 6–8 to unveil global changes in brain activity due to local hippocampal plasticity. Our findings offer the first evidence of an LTP-induced network reorganization that includes increased interhemispheric communication and recruitment of limbic and neocortical circuits after changes in synaptic strength within the hippocampus.
Purpose
– Law enforcement special operations teams (e.g. Special Weapons and Tactics Teams, Swift, HRT, and Strategic Response Teams) are charged with resolving difficult situations that pose a ...threat to all involved. Recent tragedies strengthen the idea that law enforcement special operations teams play a critical role in the maintenance of public safety. Despite the importance of police special operations teams, there is virtually no empirical research specifically addressing leadership within these teams. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
– A review of literature was first conducted, identifying authentic leadership, emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy to deal with potentially life threatening situations as being core concepts underlying effective leadership in law enforcement special operations teams. The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and the Crisis Leader Efficacy in Assessing and Deciding Scale were then administered to US local, state, and federal special operations team members and leaders (n=99). Results were analyzed according to formal team roles.
Findings
– Findings reveal members and leaders differ in regards to scale scores representing relational transparency, moral and ethical, sociability, and disaster self-efficacy.
Originality/value
– Much research on special operations teams is highly theoretical and does not seek to understand team leadership in a testable manner. This is especially true of the relationships between the formal roles of leaders and members. This study is the first to use established leadership instruments to assess the differences between team members and leaders. It provides a starting point for future research and reinforces the idea that there are identifiable differences between special operations teams and members.
Collaborative Capital Beyerlein, Michael M; Beyerlein, Susan T; Kennedy, Frances H
2005, 2005-06-01, Letnik:
11
eBook
Consists of papers that focus on 'collaborative capital' - broadly defined as the organizational assets that enable people to work together well. This volume is manifested in such outcomes as ...increased innovation and creativity, commitment and involvement, flexibility and adaptability, leveraging of knowledge, and enhanced learning.
Innovation has become one of the primary core competencies of effective organizations. This volume includes chapters that explore a variety of methods and settings that show how collaboration can be ...utilized to enable and enhance innovation. It also discusses the importance of collaborative environments to improve innovation.
Globalization of the economy and the technological revolution has led to increased reliance on teams with geographically distributed membership, which has increased multiculturalism in the workplace. ...This study identifies factors that affect the processes and performance of nationally and culturally diverse teams working in a virtual environment. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify previous empirical studies in global virtual team research published from 1998 to 2014, focusing on the effects of deep diversity in the form of national culture on multinational virtual teams (MNVTs). Sixty of the 268 articles met our criteria for inclusion in this study. We concentrated on the critical factors regarding processes and outcomes in MNVTs. The resulting framework included four socioemotional and four task-related challenges for team leaders to focus on. We found that dynamic interdependency among socioemotional and task process factors affects MNVT performance.
Abstract The hippocampal formation is a brain system that is implicated in learning and memory. The major input to the hippocampus arrives from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus (DG) ...through the perforant path. In the present work, we have investigated the functional properties of this connection by concomitantly applying electrophysiological techniques, deep-brain electric microstimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging in anesthetized rats. We systematically delivered different current intensities at diverse stimulation frequencies to the perforant path while recording electrophysiological and blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals. We observed a linear relationship between the current intensity used to stimulate the hippocampal formation and the amplitude and extension of the induced BOLD response. In addition, we found a frequency-dependent spatial pattern of activation. With stimulation protocols and train frequencies used for kindling, the activity strongly spreads ipsilaterally through the hippocampus, DG, subiculum and EC.
We examined the applicability of manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to the in vivo tracing of diffuse neuromodulatory projections by means of simultaneous iontophoretic injections of an extremely low, ...non-toxic concentration of MnCl2 (10mM) and fluorescent dextran in the locus coeruleus (LC) in the rat. We validated the use of the iontophoretic injection by reproducing previously reported results from pressure injections of MnCl2 in primary somatosensory cortex. Twenty fourhours after injection in LC, Mn2+ labeling was detected in major cortical and subcortical targets of LC projections including predominantly ipsilateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices, hippocampus and amygdala. Although the injections were in most cases centered in the core of LC, the pattern of Mn2+ labeling greatly varied across rats. In addition, despite a certain degree of overlap of the labeling obtained with both MEMRI and classical tracing, MEMRI tracing consistently failed to reliably label not only several minor but also major targets of LC, notably the thalamus. The lack of Mn2+ labeling in thalamus possibly reflected a weaker functional connectivity within coeruleothalamic projections that could not be predicted by anatomical tracing. Inversely, a number of brain regions, particularly contralateral motor cortex, that were not or only sparsely labeled with fluorescent dextran were strongly labeled by Mn2+. This discrepancy could be partly due to both the activity-dependent and transsynaptic nature of Mn2+ transport. The overall labeling produced using MEMRI with iontophoretic injections in LC indicates that the Mn2+ imaging of highly diffuse projections is in principle feasible. However, the labeling pattern of each individual case needs to be carefully interpreted particularly before submitting data for group analysis or in the case of longitudinal examination of discrete changes in functional connectivity under various physiological or behavioral conditions.
►We compared anterograde tracing from LC using classical and MEMRI methods. ►Major targets of LC projections were visualized using MEMRI. ►Mn2+ labeling in thalamus was below MRI delectability threshold. ►The LC functional connectivity was not predicted by anatomy.
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