Cytospora (Diaporthales) in China Fan, X.L.; Bezerra, J.D.P.; Tian, C.M. ...
Persoonia,
12/2020, Letnik:
45, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Members of the genus Cytospora are often reported as endophytes, saprobes or phytopathogens, primarily causing canker diseases of woody host plants. They occur on a wide range of hosts and have a ...worldwide distribution. Although several species have in the past been reported
from China, the vast majority are not known from culture or DNA phylogeny. The primary aim of the present study was thus to clarify the taxonomy and phylogeny of a large collection of Cytospora species associated with diverse hosts in China. Cytospora spp. were collected in northeast,
northwest, north and southwest China, indicating that the cold and dry environments favour these fungi. In this paper, we provide an assessment of 52 Cytospora spp. in China, focussing on 40 species represented by 88 isolates from 28 host genera. Based on a combination of morphology
and a six-locus phylogeny (ITS, LSU, act1, rpb2, tef1-α and tub2), 13 new species and one new combination are introduced. The majority of the species investigated here appear to be host-specific, although further collections and pathogenicity studies will
be required to confirm this conclusion.
In this study we accept 25 families in Diaporthales based on phylogenetic analyses using partial ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1-α gene sequences. Four different families associated with canker and dieback ...of tree hosts are morphologically treated and phylogenetically
compared. These include three new families (Diaporthostomataceae, Pseudomelanconidaceae, Synnemasporellaceae), and one new genus, Dendrostoma (Erythrogloeaceae). Dendrostoma is newly described from Malus spectabilis, Osmanthus fragrans
and Quercus acutissima having fusoid to cylindrical, bicellular ascospores, with three new species namely D. mali, D. osmanthi and D. quercinum. Diaporthostomataceae is characterised by conical and discrete perithecia with bicellular, fusoid ascospores
on branches of Machilus leptophylla. Pseudomelanconidaceae is defined by conidiogenous cells with apical collarets and discreet annellations, and the inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath when mature on Carya cathayensis, compared to morphologically similar families
Melanconidaceae and Juglanconidaceae. Synnemasporellaceae is proposed to accommodate fungi with synnematous conidiomata, with descriptions of S. toxicodendri on Toxicodendron sylvestre and S. aculeans on Rhus copallina.
Mycoleptodiscus includes plant pathogens, animal opportunists, saprobic and endophytic fungi. The present study presents the first molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus based on four loci, ...including ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1. An extensive collection of Mycoleptodiscus
cultures, including ex-type strains from the CBS, IMI, MUCL, BRIP, clinical isolates from the USA, and fresh isolates from Brazil and Spain, was studied morphologically and phylogenetically to resolve their taxonomy. The study showed that Mycoleptodiscus sensu lato is polyphyletic.
Phylogenetic analysis places Mycoleptodiscus in Muyocopronales (Dothideomycetes), together with Arxiella, Leptodiscella, Muyocopron, Neocochlearomyces, and Paramycoleptodiscus. Mycoleptodiscus terrestris, the type species, and
M. sphaericus are reduced to synonyms, and one new species is introduced, M. suttonii. Mycoleptodiscus atromaculans, M. coloratus, M. freycinetiae, M. geniculatus, M. indicus, M. lateralis (including M. unilateralis and M. variabilis
as its synonyms) and M. taiwanensis belong to Muyocopron (Muyocopronales, Dothideomycetes), and M. affinis, and M. lunatus to Omnidemptus (Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes). Based on phylogenetic analyses we propose Muyocopron
alcornii sp. nov., a fungus associated with leaf spots on Epidendrum sp. (Orchidaceae) in Australia, Muyocopron zamiae sp. nov. associated with leaf spots on Zamia (Zamiaceae) in the USA, and Omnidemptus graminis sp. nov. isolated from a grass
(Poaceae) in Spain. Furthermore, Neomycoleptodiscus venezuelense gen. & sp. nov. is introduced for a genus similar to Mycoleptodiscus in Muyocopronaceae.
During a survey of endophytic fungi from the cactus
Tacinga inamoena
in a Brazilian tropical dry forest (Caatinga) some undescribed ascomycetous fungi were isolated. These fungi are characterized by ...superficial and immersed, globose to subglobose, smooth or hairy ascomata, bitunicate asci, and muriformly septate, ellipsoidal ascospores. Multigene phylogenetic analyses using sequences from partial ITS, SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (
tef1
) demonstrated a monophyletic clade accommodating these endophytic fungi in the class Dothideomycetes, closely related to the order Tubeufiales. Based on morphological features and phylogenetic analyses, these fungi could not be placed in the order Tubeufiales, in the new order Wiesneriomycetales, or any other known genus in the class Dothideomycetes. Thus, two new genera (
Bezerromyces
, with
B. brasiliensis
and
B. pernambucoensis
, and
Xiliomyces
with
X. brasiliensis
), a new family (Bezerromycetaceae) and a new order (Bezerromycetales) are introduced to accommodate these novel taxa. Our phylogenetic analyses also demonstrated that the clade accommodating Wiesneriomycetaceae represents a new order, here introduced as Wiesneriomycetales.
Species of Elsinoë are phytopathogens causing scab and spot anthracnose on many plants, including some economically important crops such as avocado, citrus, grapevines, and ornamentals such as ...poinsettias, field crops and woody hosts. Disease symptoms are often easily recognisable, and referred to as signature-bearing diseases, for the cork-like appearance of older infected tissues with scab-like appearance. In some Elsinoë-host associations the resulting symptoms are better described as spot anthracnose. Additionally the infected plants may also show mild to severe distortions of infected organs. Isolation of Elsinoë in pure culture can be very challenging and examination of specimens collected in the field is often frustrating because of the lack of fertile structures. Current criteria for species recognition and host specificity in Elsinoë are unclear due to overlapping morphological characteristics, and the lack of molecular and pathogenicity data. In the present study we revised the taxonomy of Elsinoë based on DNA sequence and morphological data derived from 119 isolates, representing 67 host genera from 17 countries, including 64 ex-type cultures. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and TEF1-α DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct the backbone phylogeny of the genus Elsinoë. Based on the single nomenclature for fungi, 26 new combinations are proposed in Elsinoë for species that were originally described in Sphaceloma. A total of 13 species are epitypified with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. A further eight new species are introduced, leading to a total of 75 Elsinoë species supported by molecular data in the present study. For the most part species of Elsinoë appear to be host specific, although the majority of the species treated are known only from a few isolates, and further collections and pathogenicity studies will be required to reconfirm this conclusion.
Opuntia ficus
-
indica
Mill. (forage cactus) is farmed with relative success in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian northeast for commercial purposes, particularly as forage and food. Endophytic ...microorganisms are those that can be isolated inside plant tissues and can be a new source to production of enzymes with different potentialities. The objective of this study was to describe the richness of endophytic fungi from
O. ficus
-
indica
and to detect the capacity of these species to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Forty-four endophytic fungi species were isolated. Among them, the most commonly found were
Cladosporium cladosporioides
(20.43%) and
C. sphaerospermum
(15.99%).
Acremonium terricola,
Monodictys castaneae, Penicillium glandicola
,
Phoma tropica
and
Tetraploa aristata
are being reported for the first time as endophytic fungi for Brazil. The majority of isolated fungi exhibited enzymatic potential.
Aspergillus japonicus
and
P. glandicola
presented pectinolytic activity.
Xylaria
sp. was the most important among the other 14 species with positive cellulase activity. All 24 isolates analysed were xylanase-positive. Protease was best produced by isolate PF103. The results indicate that there is a significant richness of endophytic fungi in
O. ficus
-
indica
, and that these isolates indicate promising potential for deployment in biotechnological processes involving production of pectinases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases.
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of replacing ground corn with buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) on feed intake and digestibility and on the production, composition, fatty acid profile and ...sensory characteristics of goat milk. A double Latin square (4 × 4) was used; eight goats were distributed in a completely randomized design. The square comprised four periods and four buriti oil concentration (0.00; 1.50; 3.00 and 4.50% of total DM) replacing corn. Intakes of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, non-fibrous carboydrates (NFC) and TDN were not affected by the replacement of corn with oil in the diet. However, lipids intake was increased (P < 0.01) by 100% in the diet of goats with 4.50% oil inclusion, as total DM. DM and CP digestibility were similar between the buriti oil concentrations. However, lipid digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.01) and may have contributed to a quadratic reduction in NDF digestibility (P = 0.01) and a linear reduction of NFC (P = 0.04) with buriti oil content in the goat feed. Goat milk production, corrected production4%fat and chemical composition were not influenced by the concentration of buriti oil replacement; however, milk fat concentration (P = 0.04) and feed efficiency (P < 0.01) increased linearly with the amount of buriti oil in the diet. There was a linear reduction on hypercholesterolemic SFA such as C12:0 (P < 0.01) and C14:0 (P < 0.01) as well as the atherogenic index (AI; P < 0.01) with buriti oil inclusion in goat's diet. In contrast, the fatty acids C18:0 (P < 0.01) and C18:1 cis9 (P < 0.01) increased linearly in the milk of goats that were fed with buriti oil. However, CLA (P < 0.01) varied quadratically; the maximum production of 0.62 g/100 g of fat was observed when using 1.50% buriti oil. The sensory characteristics of the milk were not changed (P > 0.05) by the replacement of corn with buriti oil in the goats' diet. It is recommended to replace corn with buriti oil in goat feed by up to 4.5% of total DM, resulting in improved feed efficiency and milk fat without affecting production; this recommendation satisfies the minimum requirements of the industry and preserves the organoleptic characteristics of the milk and its acceptability for human consumption. In addition, buriti oil replacing ground corn by up to 4.5% DM in the diet of lactating goats decrease medium-chain SFA which are hypercholesterolemic and increase the concentrations of the C18:1cis9, CLA and DFA in goat milk fat, helping to protect against cardiovascular disease.
Endophytic fungi comprise a group of microorganisms of great diversity, which can be modulated by biotic and abiotic factors. The present study aims to understand how environmental factors, blooming ...and cultivars change the diversity of the endophytic fungal communities in sorghum leaves in two forest areas in Brazil. Our results showed that
Sorghum bicolor
has a rich and diverse community of endophytic fungi distributed in
Ascomycota
,
Basidiomycota
and
Mucoromycota
, with members of
Dothideomycetes
and
Sordariomycetes
as dominant groups. We found 581 endophytic fungi (filamentous and yeasts) identified in 55 species of 37 genera. A greater diversity and richness of endophytic fungi were found in sorghum leaves from the Atlantic Forest (diversity =
H′
= 2.68 and richness = 46), differing significantly from the Caatinga forest (diversity =
H′
= 2.51 and richness = 25). No difference in richness or diversity was observed between the two crops or between the phenological stages. We detected different species indicator for the two areas, nine taxa were associated with sorghum in the Atlantic Forest (
Colletotrichum
sp. 2,
Epicoccum sorghinum
,
Curvularia
sp.,
Colletotrichum
sp. 1,
Fusarium thapsinum
,
Nigrospora oryzae
,
Phyllosticta capitalensis
,
Fusarium oxysporum
and
Amesia nigricolor
) and five taxa were indicators of sorghum in the Caatinga Forest (
Meyerozyma
sp.,
Talaromyces pinophilus
,
Metschnikowia
sp.,
Rhodosporidiobolus
sp. and
Acremonium pinkertoniae
). One species was an indicator of the cultivar IPA 2502 and no species were related to the cultivar IPA SF15. In relation to pre-blooming and post-blooming stages, two species were considered indicators for the former while six were considered for the latter. We observed that the number of filamentous fungi increases with the post-blooming stage and higher rainfall, while the diversity of endophytic yeasts was influenced by smaller rainfall and pre-blooming stage. Our data improves the understanding of factors that may influence the endophytic fungal community in ecologically and economically important grass species. The endophytic fungal diversity associated with sorghum is important to the mycodiversity estimation and may be useful in studies of biocontrol of pathogens and promotion of crops growth.
An investigation of endophytic fungi on healthy leaves of
Sorghum bicolor
in Brazil led to the identification of an interesting fungus. Based on morphological features and multi-locus analyses, ...including ITS and LSU nrDNA,
rpb1
, and
tef1
sequences, we propose a new genus,
Bifusisporella
, in the family Magnaporthaceae. The isolates exhibited a phialidic asexual morph with the following characteristics: curved conidiogenous cells, elongated, cylindrical or clavate, solitary or aggregate. Dimorphic conidia: macroconidia curved, falcate, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, guttulate, tapering at both ends; microconidia falcate, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, hyphopodia are brown, smooth, elongated, and multi-lobulate.
The aim of this study was to detect rotavirus F (RVF) and rotavirus G (RVG) in fecal specimens of broiler chickens in Brazil. During 2008 and 2011, a total of 85 fecal samples were collected. The ...viral genome was extracted, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and nucleotide sequencing. Samples were screened for rotaviruses by PAGE, and RVF and RVG genome banding patterns were not seen. Using RT-PCR, it was found that 9.4 % (8/85) of the pools contained RVF, whereas 10.6 % (9/85) contained RVG. The predicted amino acid sequences of RVF and RVG from Brazilian samples were 94.4-95.7 % and 96.8-96.9 % identical, respectively, to those of prototypes from Germany. The detection of RVF and RVG in this study provides important epidemiological data about the simultaneous circulation of rotaviruses affecting broiler flocks in the Amazon region of Brazil.
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