A quantitative assessment of the dynamics of the degree of continentality of Russia at the beginning of the 21st century has been made on four aspects: territorial, population distribution, ...production and economic, and activity. A noticeable decrease of this degree in terms of basic territorial and settlement aspects is revealed, which indicates a change in the trend of settlement processes from “continentalization” in the last century to “marinization” in the current one. A direct contribution to the decrease in the degree of continentality of the country was made mainly by interregional shifts of the population: its inflow to coastal zones and outflow from ultracontinental zones, as well as an increase in the area of coastal territories due to the annexation of the Crimea and accounting for the number of year-round ports. On the other hand, a pronounced relationship between the tendencies of population displacement to the sea and the rise in maritime economic activity has not been established. An evaluation of the production and economic aspect showed that indicators of traditional material production, on the contrary, are characterized by an increase in the degree of continentality. The discrepancy between the dynamics of the settlement and production and economic aspects is explained by the multidirectionality in the deep regions of key processes, such as industrial development and settlement: the growth of the former goes with a reduction in the latter. An analysis of the activity aspect characterizing the scale of the maritime economy shows extremely sharp disproportions between the growth in the cargo turnover of the country’s seaports and a decline in the volume of its maritime transport, which is manifested in the very weak presence of the Russian merchant fleet in the World Ocean. It has been suggested that a radical aggravation of the geopolitical situation can stop the processes of marinization of settlements and turn the trend back to the continentalization of the country.
An assessment is made of the main characteristic features in the territorial economic-settlement structure of Siberia: latitudinal zonation, meridional west-east asymmetry, attraction to the main ...transport routes, localization of the industrial potential within territorial-production complexes, concentration of the population in major cities and in their immediate surroundings, and the different of “Russian” and “non-Russian” (ethnic) regions. Major trends in changes are identified, which have occurred during the post-Soviet stage in the structures of the macro-region’s industry. In the sectoral structure, tendencies for the reorientation to the external market have been identified, with an increase of the proportion of exported products; for an increase in the proportion of extractive sectors, and an enhancement in the resource-raw materials specialization, and for a faster (than in the country as a whole) recovery of production after its decline during the 1990s. The main result of the transformation of the institutional structure of the industry has been the redistribution of property of Siberia’s major enterprises among private All-Russian companies and State corporations of the country, which was accompanied by a reduction in budgetary-financial benefits for industrial regions. The main trends in change in the territorial structure of industrial production involve its abrupt shift toward the peripheral northern regions with the expansion of the sphere of influence of the existing territorial-production complexes and with the emergence of new ones. Two trends in the transformation of the settlement structure of Siberia are pointed out: an enhancement in the inter-municipal center-periphery polarization with a growth of regional centers and their immediate surroundings, accompanied by a loss of the population in extensive peripheral regions, and a considerable increase in the proportion of titular peoples in the total population of some of the republics of Siberia, with a respective reduction in the proportion of non-titular peoples.
Despite the reduction of transportation costs that occurred in the second half of the 20th century, these costs remain a significant obstacle to effective entry into the global market for landlocked ...countries and regions. This article investigates the relationship between the scale of transportation costs by types of products and distance to target markets using the example of the directions of trade and commodity composition of Mongolia’s exports. The principle of “relative transportability of products” is formulated and an original methodology is used to assess the distribution of Mongolia’s export products based on an analysis of their transportability by distance. It is established that exports of low-transportability mineral commodities (coal, iron ore, oil, and ores and concentrates of nonferrous metals) are almost exclusively limited to neighboring countries, primarily China. The main reason for that pattern is the high transportation costs for bulk mineral commodities, which limits the possibilities of transporting them across large distances due to the significantly decreasing cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, more expensive Mongolian products (gold, clothing, wool, etc.) are exported to more distant countries. The spatial distribution and transportability of Mongolian exports by border crossing points with Russia and China are determined. It is established that railway transport is the predominant mode of transportation for bulk cargo. It is concluded that the highest priority direction of export specialization in Mongolia is increasing the processing depth of raw materials to semifinished or finished products, thereby significantly increasing cost-effective transportation distances and expanding the area of foreign trade.
The tendency for the progressive establishment a broad integration association of a continental scale, “Greater Eurasia”, on the basis of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Shanghai Cooperation ...Organization is highlighted. A common geographical feature of the countries involved in this partnership is revealed, i. e. the unique ultra–continental location of their remote landlocked territories at the world’s largest distance from economical sea routes and major world markets. An example of the countries of Central Asia, Russian Siberia and western regions of China shows the negative influence of the ultra–continentality factor manifesting itself primarily in increased transportation costs, which creates considerable barriers to economic growth and foreign trade activity. It is suggested that the accelerated creation of international transport corridors of both latitudinal and meridional orientation be regarded as a potential powerful means for closer economic consolidation and interdependent economic development of the remote inland territories of “Greater Eurasia”. The new development opportunities for Siberia opening up before Siberia with the establishment of “Greater Eurasia” are pointed out: access of the Siberian regions via the transport corridors to nearby inland markets, the creation of preconditions for a deeper onsite processing of Siberian raw materials by organizing final process stages and obtaining transportable products with high added value, and by overcoming the depressing effect of the ultra–continentality on economic growth through the construction of the transport corridor on the basis of the Trans–Siberian Railroad using advanced technological solutions.
Geo-Neutrino and Earth Electric Field Bezrukov, L. B.; Karpikov, I. S.; Mezhokh, A. K. ...
Physics of atomic nuclei,
12/2022, Letnik:
85, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The possibility of large geo-antineutrino fluxes from
K decays and the presence of an excess of positive electric charge in the Earth’s crust are predicted by the Hydridic Earth model. The data of ...the Borexino experiment do not contradict the proportion of potassium equal to several percent of the Earth’s mass and predicted by this model. The detection of an excess of positively charged air ions in underground laboratories can be explained by the presence of an excess of positive electric charge in the Earth’s crust. Further studies are needed to confirm the existence of both of these effects.
Sustainable Development Goal 11, titled “sustainable cities and communities” has a target (11a), which is Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural ...areas by strengthening national and regional development planning. In this sense, the city is a key factor in creating sustainable development. At a time when urbanization is accelerating with rapid population growth, the social and economic role of urban areas is likely to increase and urban boundaries are expanding. In order to accelerate the development of modern urban areas, the urban cluster method is widely used to plan and develop large cities and their satellite cities, villages and settlements together. The purpose of our study is to identify the socio-economic impact and gravitation cluster area of the State ranked Strategical Central cities (Darkhan, Khovd, Choibalsan, and Dalanzadgad) and to support the development of urban, semi-urban and rural areas in a coordinated manner. According to John Friedman, based on the theory that urban field have a radius of up to 100 km, a radius of 100 km was drawn from the four city centers, after which the real socio-economic impact-gravity framework was determined based on three main indicators: Reilly’s law of retail gravitation, road classification and ecological barriers. By correctly defining the scope of socio-economic impact of these State ranked Strategical Central cities, it is possible to increase the development of neighboring localities, indirectly affect the territory outside the cluster area, and become a large complex with health, education, culture and industrial hubs.
A modification of the LENS (Low Energy Neutrino Spectroscopy) project for spectroscopy of solar neutrinos with energies above about 715 keV on the basis of new technologies and solutions is examined. ...The respective detector employs
In nuclei as a target for neutrinos. The creation of a detector containing about 200 t of a scintillator loaded with 10 t of indium will make it possible to measure, within five years, the energy spectra of solar neutrinos from
Be, neutrinos from the CNO cycle, and
neutrinos with small systematic errors. The detector was simulated in the form of a set of cells of a liquid scintillator doped with indium (about 10
in weight). Necessary technical conditions for detector cells are formulated, and the possible counting rate for events induced by internal and external backgrounds and characterized by an energy release of 600 to 1600 keV is estimated. It is shown that such a detector is implementable, in principle.
The high importance of exports of mineral raw materials for the economy of Mongolia and the weakening of its foreign trade interactions with Russia are revealed. It has been established that the ...value of Mongolian exports for a number of mineral raw materials exceeds Russian ones and has serious growth prospects. Using the example of coal and copper exports, the real prerequisites for the emergence of risks of competition between the exporters of Mongolia and the eastern regions of Russia for foreign markets of mineral raw materials in the near future are revealed. From an economic and geographical point of view, the strengths and weaknesses of the competitiveness of Mongolia and Russia in these markets are compared. The main disadvantage for Russia in comparison with Mongolia is its less advantageous transport and geographical position relative to the key Chinese sales market. The main ways to reduce the severity of competition between exporters of Mongolia and the eastern regions of Russia for external raw materials markets in the context of modern geopolitical challenges are proposed: a wide diversification of export deliveries of mineral raw materials to many countries around the world (primarily a reorientation to East, Southeast, and South Asia) and an increase in processing into semifinished products or finished products.
Low background segmented liquid scintillator detector, doped with an indium as a target for solar neutrino registration, can be used for measuring total solar neutrino spectrum including
neutrinos. A ...detector consisting of small modules filled with liquid scintillator in the volume of 1–2 L is considered. Silicon matrices are used for light collection. The background of indium beta-activity is suppressed by triple coincidences. The detector of such a type can measure
Be neutrino flux with high accuracy and independently check the measurement performed by the Borexino Collaboration.
The dynamics of Mongolia’s foreign trade over the past three decades and its leading role in the country’s economic growth are revealed. In the context of a narrow specialization in the mining ...industry, the growth of the Mongolian economy is strongly dependent on the export of mineral raw materials, which overwhelmingly dominate in the structure of total exports. The overwhelming majority of these cargoes go to China, whose share in Mongolia’s foreign trade turnover is growing steadily since the early 1990s, while the same one of Russia is falling. The role of Siberia and the Far East in cooperation with Mongolia sharply decreased. It has been established that the values of Mongolian exports of fluorspar, molybdenum and copper ores and concentrates exceed Russian ones, and Mongolian export of zinc and tungsten ores and concentrates, iron ore and coal are not so significantly inferior. Comparison of the prospects for increasing exports of Mongolia’s key foreign trade goods – coal and copper concentrate – with the corresponding capabilities of the eastern regions of Russia indicates an aggravation in the near future of competition between Mongolian and Russian mineral commodities for foreign markets, primarily for the Chinese. Considering this, Russia loses to Mongolia due to a much longer and, accordingly, costly output of mineral raw materials to foreign markets. Measures are proposed to reduce the risks of competition between Mongolian and Russian mineral commodities on foreign markets and to intensify their trade and economic cooperation, that includes the following: the restoration of traditional foreign trade relations, the creation of international transport corridors and the construction of new railway lines, an increase in the depth of processing of mineral raw materials, the implementation of joint large-scale projects.
