Advantage of spray drying technique over the conventional surface adsorption technique for co-formulation of solid SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS) of curcumin (CRM) and duloxetine (DXH) is discussed. Liquid SNEDDS ...were prepared using castor oil (20% w/w), Tween-80 (40% w/w) and Transcutol® P (40% w/w) as oil, surfactant and co-surfactants containing both CRM and DXH. S-SNEDDS were formulated by adsorption of liquid SNEDDS onto porous hydrophilic and hydrophobic carriers through spray drying and surface adsorption techniques. The percentage drug loading for CRM and DXH in optimized L-SNEDDS was 87.22±1.87 and 92.32±0.19%, mean droplet size, 113.14±1.14nm; polydispersity index, 0.20±0.026, and zeta potential −13.2mV, respectively. Prepared formulation was evaluated for parameters such as, oil adsorption tendency, micromeritic characteristics, disintegration and dissolution behaviour to identify suitable carrier for conversion of L-SNEDDS into S-SNEDDS. Among the carriers used, Syloid® 244FP revealed highest oil adsorption capacity. Spray drying of L-SNEDDS using Syloid® 244FP as carrier further improved micromeritic properties with lower angle of repose (22.18±0.22°), higher flow rate (4.33±0.26g/s), lower true (1.23±0.22g/cm3), bulk (0.202±0.05g/cm3) and tapped density (0.216±0.07g/cm3). In vitro dissolution and ex-vivo permeation studies revealed non-significant (P>0.05) drugs' release from S-SNEDDS powders/tablets viz-a-viz their L-SNEDDS formulation. SNEDDS were found to be remarkably superior over the unprocessed drugs in their dissolution and permeation studies. They were found to be stable in terms of droplet size, dissolution pattern, tablet hardness and assay when subjected to stability testing. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction studies revealed that crystalline drugs were converted to their amorphous state in the SNEDDS formulations. Spray drying technique has, therefore proved to distinctly improve the micromeritics and biopharmaceutical attributes in the co-formulation of curcumin and duloxetine S-SNEDDS.
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•Solid self nanoemulsifying powders loaded with CRM and DXH has been formulated.•Spray dried SNEDDS powders were found superior to surface adsorption method.•Among carriers, Syloid® 244FP was found superior for formulation of solid SNEDDS.•Dissolution and diffusion studies showed enhanced drug release through solid SNEDDS.•Solid SNEDDS revealed good thermodynamic and freeze thaw stability.
Over the past ten years, tremendous progress has been made in microbubble-based research for a variety of biological applications. Microbubbles emerged as a compelling and dynamic tool in modern drug ...delivery systems. They are employed to deliver drugs or genes to targeted regions of interest, and then ultrasound is used to burst the microbubbles, causing site-specific delivery of the bioactive materials.
The objective of this article is to review the microbubble compositions and physiochemical characteristics in relation to the development of innovative biomedical applications, with a focus on molecular imaging and targeted drug/gene delivery.
The microbubbles are prepared by using various methods, which include cross-linking polymerization, emulsion solvent evaporation, atomization, and reconstitution. In cross-linking polymerization, a fine foam of the polymer is formed, which serves as a bubble coating agent and colloidal stabilizer, resulting from the vigorous stirring of a polymeric solution. In the case of emulsion solvent evaporation, there are two solutions utilized in the production of microbubbles. In atomization and reconstitution, porous spheres are created by atomising a surfactant solution into a hot gas. They are encapsulated in primary modifier gas. After the addition of the second gas or gas osmotic agent, the package is placed into a vial and sealed after reconstituting with sterile saline solution.
Microbubble-based drug delivery is an innovative approach in the field of drug delivery that utilizes microbubbles, which are tiny gas-filled bubbles, act as carriers for therapeutic agents. These microbubbles can be loaded with drugs, imaging agents, or genes and then guided to specific target sites.
The potential utility of microbubbles in biomedical applications is continually growing as novel formulations and methods. The versatility of microbubbles allows for customization, tailoring the delivery system to various medical applications, including cancer therapy, cardiovascular treatments, and gene therapy.
Foam-based delivery systems contain one or more active ingredients and dispersed solid or liquid components that transform into gaseous form when the valve is actuated. Foams are an attractive and ...effective delivery approach for medical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses. The foams-based delivery systems are gaining attention due to ease of application as they allow direct application onto the affected area of skin without using any applicator or finger, hence increasing the compliance and satisfaction of the patients. In order to develop foam-based delivery systems with desired qualities, it is vital to understand which type of material and process parameters impact the quality features of foams and which methodologies may be utilized to investigate foams. For this purpose, Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach is used. It aids in achieving quality-based development during the development process by employing the QbD concept. The critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) were discovered through the first risk assessment to ensure the requisite critical quality attributes (CQAs). During the initial risk assessment, the high-risk CQAs were identified, which affect the foam characteristics. In this review, the authors discussed the various CMAs, CPPs, CQAs, and risk factors associated in order to develop an ideal foam-based formulation with desired characteristics.
Orthodontic treatment typically requires an extended duration of 1-2 years to complete the treatment. Accelerating the rate of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment is essential for shortening ...the overall treatment duration. After the completion of orthodontic treatment, a prominent concern arises in the form of orthodontic relapse, where the teeth tend to revert to their original positions. This issue affects approximately 60% of the global population, underscoring the importance of implementing effective measures to address orthodontic relapse. An approach in this regard involves the targeted administration of herbal and synthetic drugs applied directly to the specific area of interest to facilitate tooth movement and prevent orthodontic relapse. Apart from this, researchers are investigating the feasibility of utilizing different types of nanoparticles to improve the process of orthodontic tooth movement. In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of studies examining the effects of various drugs on orthodontics. However, the currently available literature does not provide significant evidence relating to orthodontic tooth movement. In this review, the authors provide valuable information about the drugs and nanomaterials that are capable of further enhancing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and reducing the risk of orthodontic relapse. However, a notable hurdle remains, i.e., there is no marketed formulation available that can enhance orthodontic tooth movement and reduce treatment time. Therefore, researchers should try herbal-synthetic approaches to achieve a synergistic effect that can enhance orthodontic tooth movement. In this nutshell, there is an urgent need to develop a non-invasive, patient-compliant, and cost-effective formulation that will provide quality treatment and ultimately reduce the treatment time. Another critical issue is orthodontic relapse, which can be addressed by employing drugs that slow down osteoclastogenesis, thereby preventing tooth movement after treatment. Nevertheless, extensive research is still required to overcome this challenge in the future.
Lecithin organogels (LOs) are semi-solid systems with immobilized organic liquid phase in 3-D network of self-assembled gelators. This paper attempts to study the various attributes of LOs, starting ...from selection of materials, optimization of influential components to LO specific characterization. After screening of various components (type of gelators, organic and aqueous phase) and construction of phase diagrams, a D-optimal mixture design was employed for the systematic optimization of the LO composition. The response surface plots were constructed for various response variables, viz. viscosity, gel strength, spreadability and consistency index. The optimized LO composition was searched employing overlay plots. Subsequent validation of the optimization study employing check-point formulations, located using grid search, indicated high degree of prognostic ability of the experimental design. The optimized formulation was characterized for morphology, drug content, rheology, spreadability, pH, phase transition temperatures, and physical and chemical stability. The outcomes of the study were interesting showing high dependence of LO attributes on the type and amount of phospholipid, Poloxamer™, auxillary gelators and organic solvent. The optimized LO was found to be quite stable, easily applicable and biocompatible. The findings of the study can be utilized for the development of LO systems of other drugs for the safer and effective topical delivery.
The lung is an attractive target for drug delivery because of the ease of non-invasive administration via inhalation, bypassing metabolism in the liver, direct delivery to the respiratory system for ...treatment of respiratory diseases, and a large surface area for drug absorption. Nanocarrier systems offer several benefits for pulmonary drug delivery, including uniform drug distribution among alveoli, improved drug solubility, sustained drug release, which reduces the dosing frequency and enhances patient compliance, and potential for cell drug internalization. Nanomedicine is also being utilized to combat emerging infectious illnesses like SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and influenza A/H1N1. This review gives a quick rundown of pulmonary diseases caused by infectious agents such as bacterial, viral, and biological roadblocks that prevent effective treatment of recalcitrant respiratory tract infections. We emphasized and summarized recent efforts to combat these infections using novel inhaled formulation-mediated pulmonary delivery strategies like nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and SLNs. In addition, we also reviewed the latest findings and advancements regarding the development of inhalable novel formulations that circumvent biological barriers and boost drug bioavailability.
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The present investigation is focused on improving oral bioavailability of poorly soluble and lipophilic drugs, curcumin (CRM) and duloxetine (DXH), through the solid self-nanoemulsifying drug ...delivery system (S-SNEDDS) and identifying their potential against attenuation of NP in chronic constriction injury (CCI)–induced rats through the solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS). The optimized batch of S-SNEDDS reported was containing CRM and DXH (30 mg each), castor oil (20% w/w), tween-80 (40% w/w), transcutol-P (40% w/w), and syloid 244 FP (1 g). The high dose of each of naïve CRM (NCH), naïve DXH (NDH), physical mixture of DXH and CRM (C-NCM-DXH), S-SNEDDS-CRM (SCH), S-SNEDDS-DXH (SDH), and S-SNEDDS-CRM-DXH (C-SCH-SDH) was subjected for MTT assay. The developed formulations were subjected to pharmacokinetic studies and results showed about 8 to 11.06 and 2-fold improvement in oral bioavailability of CRM and DXH through S-SNEDDS. Furthermore, CCI-induced male Wistar rats were treated with SSNEDDS containing CRM and DXH, S-SNEDDS containing individual drug, individual naïve forms, and their combination from the day of surgery for 14 days and evaluated for behavioral at pre-determined time intervals. On the terminal day, animals were sacrificed to assess tissue myeloperoxidase, superoxide anion, protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, total calcium levels, and histopathological changes. Pronounced effect was observed in rats treated with S-SNEDDS containing both drugs with respect to rats receiving any of other treatments owing to enhanced oral bioavailability through S-SNEDDS. Therefore, it can be concluded that S-SNEDDS of both drugs and their coadministration can accelerate the prevention of NP.
The gut microbiome consists of trillions of bacteria and other microbes whose metabolic activities and interactions with the immune system go beyond the gut itself. We are all aware that bacteria and ...other microorganisms have a significant impact on our health. Also, the health of the bacteria directly reflects the health status of the body where they reside. Eventually, alterations in the microbiome at different sites of a body are associated with many different diseases such as obesity, IBD, malnutrition, CVD, etc. Microbiota directly or indirectly affects the heart with the formation of plaques in the blood vessels, and cell walls become prone to lesion development. This ultimately leads to heightening the overall inflammatory status via increased bacterial translocation. Metabolites derived from the gut microbial metabolism of choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine directly contribute to CVD pathology. These dietary nutrients have trimethylamine (TMA) moiety, which participates in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease. The objective of this review was to examine various metabolic pathways regulated by the gut microbiome that appear to alter heart function and lead to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, as well as how to target the gut microbiome for a healthier heart. In this review, we also discussed various clinical drugs having crosstalk between microbiota and heart and clinical trials for the gut-heart microbiome.
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