As the demand for utilizing environment-friendly and sustainable energy sources is increasing, the adoption of waste-to-energy technologies has started gaining attention. Producing biogas via ...anaerobic digestion (AD) is promising and well-established; however, this process in many circumstances is unable to be cost competitive with natural gas. In this research, we provide a technical assessment of current process challenges and compare the cost of biogas production via the AD process from the literature, Aspen Plus process modeling, and CapdetWorks software. We also provide insights on critical factors affecting the AD process and recommendations on optimizing the process. We utilize four types of wet wastes, including wastewater sludge, food waste, swine manure, and fat, oil, and grease, to provide a quantitative assessment of theoretical energy yields of biogas production and its economic potential at different plant scales. Our results show that the cost of biogas production from process and economic models are in line with the literature with a potential to go even lower for small-scale plants with technological advancements. This research illuminates potential cost savings for biogas production using different wastes and guide investors to make informed decisions, while achieving waste management goals.
Two-component reaction-diffusion models in high dimensions involving space-fractional derivatives are used as a powerful modelling approach for understanding several aspects of spatial heterogeneity ...and nonlocality. In this paper, we propose an accurate, unconditionally stable, and maximum principle preserving fourth-order method both in space and time variables to study the complex dynamical processes of two-component nonlinear space-fractional reaction-diffusion systems posed in high dimensions. To achieve a fast fourth-order accurate method, we adapt the matrix transfer technique with a fast Fourier transform-based implementation in space and an exponential integrator in time. The main advantage of the method is that it avoids storing the large dense matrix resulting from discretizing the fractional operator with the matrix transform approach and significantly reduces the computational costs. Some numerical experiments are carried out in two and three space dimensions to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the method.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper introduces two new modified fourth-order exponential time differencing Runge–Kutta (ETDRK) schemes in combination with a global fourth-order compact finite difference scheme (in space) for ...direct integration of nonlinear coupled viscous Burgers’ equations in their original form without using any transformations or linearization techniques. One scheme is a modification of the Cox and Matthews ETDRK4 scheme based on (1,3)-Padé approximation and other is a modification of Krogstad’s ETDRK4-B scheme based on (2,2)-Padé approximation. Efficient versions of the proposed schemes are obtained by using a partial fraction splitting technique of rational functions. The stability properties of the proposed schemes are studied by plotting the stability regions, which provide an explanation of their behavior for dispersive and dissipative problems. The order of convergence of the schemes is examined empirically and found that the modification of ETDRK4 converges with the expected rate even if the initial data are nonsmooth. On the other hand, modification of ETDRK4-B suffers with order reduction if the initial data are nonsmooth. Several numerical experiments are carried out in order to demonstrate the performance and adaptability of the proposed schemes. The numerical results indicate that the proposed schemes provide better accuracy than other schemes available in the literature. Moreover, the results show that the modification of ETDRK4 is reliable and yields more accurate results than modification of ETDRK4-B, while solving problems with nonsmooth data or with high Reynolds number.
This manuscript is concerned with the development and the implementation of a numerical scheme to study the spatio-temporal solution profile of the well-known Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation with ...appropriate initial and boundary conditions. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta based implicit-explicit scheme in time along with compact higher-order finite difference scheme in space is introduced. The proposed scheme takes full advantage of the method of line (MOL) and partial fraction decomposition techniques, therefore, it just needs to solve two backward Euler-type linear systems at each time step to get the solution. Performance of the scheme is investigated by testing it on some test examples and by comparing numerical results with relevant known schemes. The numerical results showed that the proposed scheme is more accurate and reliable than existing schemes to solve Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Herein, we report a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for producing polyethyleneimine (PEI)-assisted silver nanoparticle-supported silica microspheres through evaporation-induced ...assembly (EIA). The silica–PEI microspheres obtained through EIA consisted of highly trapped PEI molecules owing to their electrosorption onto oppositely charged silica colloids. The trapped PEI molecules in the microspheres played a crucial role in linking silver ions to form silver ion–PEI complexes, which were then reduced to form silver nanoparticles. Further, the complex interactions between PEI and silica colloids led to enhanced porosity in the microspheres, enabling the efficient adsorption of Ag ions. The characterization of the Ag–SiO2 microspheres was carried out using various techniques, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the successful formation of Ag nanoparticles on microspheres, and a plausible formation mechanism is elucidated. The Ag–SiO2 microspheres exhibited good sensing properties for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with an estimated limit of detection of 1.08 mM and a sensitivity of 0.033 μA mM−1 mm−2. The microspheres were also used as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, which demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting rhodamine 6G down to a concentration of 2 × 10−6 M. The present approach elucidates a promising alternative to conventional methods that face challenges, such as scalability issues, complex and cumbersome synthesis procedures, and the use of strong reducing agents. With the potential for industrial-level scalability, this method offers a viable strategy for producing Ag–SiO2 microspheres with possible applications in biomedical and sensing technologies.
The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the Universe
. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass and spin
. These properties emerge from the complex ...dynamics of its fundamental constituents-quarks and gluons-described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics
. The electric charge and spin of protons, which are shared among the quarks, have been investigated previously using electron scattering
. An example is the highly precise measurement of the electric charge radius of the proton
. By contrast, little is known about the inner mass density of the proton, which is dominated by the energy carried by gluons. Gluons are hard to access using electron scattering because they do not carry an electromagnetic charge. Here we investigated the gravitational density of gluons using a small colour dipole, through the threshold photoproduction of the J/ψ particle. We determined the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton
from our measurement. We used a variety of models
and determined, in all cases, a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. In some, but not all cases, depending on the model, the determined radius agrees well with first-principle predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamics
. This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter.
We present optical spectra of 45 intermediate-mass Herbig Ae/Be stars. Together with the multiepoch spectroscopic and photometric data compiled for a large sample of these stars and ages estimated ...for individual stars by using pre-main-sequence evolutionary tracks, we have studied the evolution of emission-line activity in them. We find that, on average, the Ha emission line strength decreases with increasing stellar age in Herbig Ae/Be stars, indicating that the accretion activity gradually declines during the pre-main-sequence phase. This would hint at a relatively long-lived (a few Myr) process being responsible for the cessation of accretion in Herbig Ae/Be stars. We also find that the accretion activity in these stars drops substantially by 63 Myr. This is comparable to the timescale in which most intermediate-mass stars are thought to lose their inner disks, suggesting that inner disks in intermediate-mass stars are dissipated rapidly after the accretion activity has fallen below a certain level. We further find a relatively tight correlation between strength of the emission line and near-infrared excess due to inner disks in Herbig Ae/Be stars, indicating that the disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars cannot be entirely passive. We suggest that this correlation can be understood within the framework of the puffed-up inner rim disk models if the radiation from the accretion shock is also responsible for the disk heating.
Although traditional anaerobic digestion (AD) process to produce methane-rich biogas from wet waste is deep-rooted, high carbon footprint and its low value as compared with other renewable sources ...demand advanced strategies to avoid its production. An emerging conversion pathway to arrest methanogenesis for producing value-added fuels and chemicals instead of biogas is sought as a sustainable alternative. This research provides a comprehensive analysis on current technology development, process challenges, applications, and economics for producing high-value short-chain carboxylic acids from AD of wet wastes. We show that (1) the theoretical energy yields of acids equal or exceed biogas, and (2) the cost of these acids is competitive with those produced from chemical markets, making this economically viable for mass production. With global abundance of wet waste feedstocks, this process of short-chain acid production provides a promising alternative to conventional biogas production technology, while achieving waste management and carbon mitigation goals.
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Environmental Chemistry; Energy Resources; Energy Sustainability.
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