Bridging the gap between the multitude of advanced research articles and the knowledge newcomers to the field are looking for, this is a timely and comprehensive monograph covering the ...interdisciplinary topic of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The book not only covers the fundamentals and physico-chemical background of the ICT process, but also places a special emphasis on the latest experimental and theoretical studies that have been undertaken to understand this process and discusses key technological applications. After outlining the discovery of ICT molecules, the authors go on to discuss several important substance classes. They present the latest techniques for studying the underlying processes and show the interplay between charge transfer and the surrounding medium. Examples taken from nonlinear optics, viscosity and polarity sensors, and organic electronics testify to the vast range of applications. The result is a unique information source for experimentalists as well as theoreticians, from postgraduate students to researchers.
Numerical modeling on streaming field and electroviscous effect in a soft nanochannel is made by considering the finite ion size and ion partitioning effects. The standard electrokinetic model is ...modified by incorporating the finite ion size effect and the effect of ion partitioning, which arises due to the difference in dielectric permittivity between the electrolyte and wall grafted polyelectrolyte layer (PEL). Such modification in the ion transport equations enable us to consider higher range of wall charge density as well as higher volumetric charge density of the PEL. The dielectric permittivity of the PEL may become lower due to the large accumulation of counterions drawn by the PEL immobile charges. The ion steric repulsion is taken into account through the BMCSL (Boublik-Mansoori-Carnahan-Starling-Leland) equation based on the hard-sphere model of ions. This enables to consider different ion sizes, which arise when a mixture of different salts is considered. The governing equations are solved numerically and the streaming field is determined iteratively. We find that the ion steric interactions and ion partitioning effects create a counterion saturation. This leads to a reduction in the counterion condensation of the PEL when the PEL and wall are similarly charged, which results in higher streaming field and energy conversion efficiency. The diffuse PEL of pore size in the order of the channel half height creates higher energy efficiency compared to the channel consisting of rigid walls.
Graphical abstract
•Mixed convection heat transfer of a Cu-water nanofluid is considered.•A differentially heated skewed enclosure is considered.•Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions are considered.•The governing ...equations along with the boundary conditions are solved using a finite volume.•It is shown that the Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions have relatively negligible effects.
A non-homogeneous model in which the nanoparticles have relative velocity compared to the based fluid is considered to study the convective heat transfer of a Cu-water nanofluid in a differentially heated skewed enclosure. The effect of nanoparticles size, volume fraction, Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic diffusion on the mixed convection is studied and compared with the result due to the homogeneous model. The theromphysical properties of the nanofluid is considered to depend on the temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction. A pressure correction based algorithm is used to solve the transport equations.The effects of the relevant parameter such as, the size of the nanoparticles (30nm⩽dp⩽100nm), temperature difference (1K⩽ΔT⩽10K) and bulk volume fraction of the nanoparticles (0⩽ϕb⩽0.05) on mixed convection of nanofluid studied by considering the skew angle to vary between 30° and 150°. The analysis shows that the nanoparticles distribution is nonuniform inside the enclosure and this non-uniformity increases with the rise of the temperature difference. The variation of the average Nusselt number and total entropy generation with the variation of the relevant parameter is analyzed for the thermodynamic optimization. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the effects of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles on the mixed convection of a Cu-water nanofluid. The results show that the Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic diffusion has relatively negligible effects on the mixed convection for the considered range of parameter values.
Animal and humans studies suggest that the two main constituents of cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have quite different acute effects. However, to date the ...two compounds have largely been studied separately.
To evaluate and compare the acute pharmacological effects of both THC and CBD in the same human volunteers.
A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo controlled trial was conducted in 16 healthy male subjects. Oral THC 10 mg or CBD 600 mg or placebo was administered in three consecutive sessions, at one-month interval. Physiological measures and symptom ratings were assessed before, and at 1, 2 and 3 hours post drug administration. The area under the curve (AUC) between baseline and 3 hours, and the maximum absolute change from baseline at 2 hours were analysed by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, with drug condition (THC or CBD or placebo) as the factor.
Relative to both placebo and CBD, administration of THC was associated with anxiety, dysphoria, positive psychotic symptoms, physical and mental sedation, subjective intoxication (AUC and effect at 2 hours: p < 0.01), an increase in heart rate (p < 0.05). There were no differences between CBD and placebo on any symptomatic, physiological variable.
In healthy volunteers, THC has marked acute behavioural and physiological effects, whereas CBD has proven to be safe and well tolerated.
•A numerical study on the conjugate mixed convection of Cu-water nanofluid has been considered.•An enclosure with thick wavy bottom wall is considered.•The computational domain has been transformed ...into an orthogonal co-ordinate system.•The governing equations along with the boundary conditions are solved through a finite volume.•Results showed that heat transfer rate increases remarkably by adding the nanoparticles.
A numerical study on the conjugate heat transfer by mixed convection of a Cu-water nanofluid and conduction in a solid region is conducted in an enclosure with a thick wavy heated wall. The upper lid of the enclosure is made to slide horizontally at a constant speed, along with that the condition of heated outer boundary of the thick bottom wall leads to a mixed convection within the enclosure. The impact of the wavy fluid-solid interface, solid-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio and nanoparticle volume fraction on the heat transfer characteristics is analyzed for different choice of the Richardson number. The computational domain is transformed into an orthogonal co-ordinate system. The transformed governing equations along with the specified boundary conditions are solved through a finite volume method for a wide range of Richardson number, nanoparticle volume fraction, wave amplitude, wave number and wall-to-fluid conductivity ratio for different Reynolds number. Results show that the heat transfer rate increases substantially due to the inclusion of nanoparticles. Heat transfer rate varies due to the variation of the solid-to-fluid conductivity ratio, amplitude and wave number of the wavy wall. The impact of the wavy surface is stronger when the solid conductivity is in the order of the conductivity of the fluid. The Bejan number and the entropy generation are determined to analyze the thermodynamic optimization of the conjugate mixed convection.
Nanosized barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) with Novolac phenolic resin (NPR) is developed as a magnetic absorber for application in the frequency range 8.2–12.4GHz. The absorption is studied by modifying ...the microstructural properties of the ferrite inclusion with annealing temperature and its content in the composite. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of hexagonal structure of barium ferrite. The crystallite size of the barium ferrite particles is in nano-range and increases with annealing temperature. The BaFe12O19/NPR composite is prepared with different weight percentage of ferrite inclusions. The complex permittivity and complex permeability is measured at X-band and found to increase with annealing temperature and contents of ferrite inclusion. Theoretical study of reflection loss gives that 2mm absorber samples are showing the best results for X-band application. Reflection loss measurement of the samples shows absorption peak of −24.61dB at 10.26GHz for 30wt%, −28.39dB at 9.98GHz for 40wt% and −37.06dB at 9.5GHz for 50wt% of BaFe12O19 in NPR matrix.
•BaFe12O19/NPR composite is developed as microwave absorbing material.•The maximal absorption is optimized with thickness using TLM.•Calculated reflection loss of 50wt% for 2mm thickness is 41.05dB at 9.95GHz.•Measured reflection loss of 50wt% for 2mm thickness is 37.06dB at 9.5GHz.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are produced intrinsically during normal cellular metabolic processes or extrinsically due to ionizing radiations, UV rays, xenobiotic insult, etc. ROS ...are important signal mediators and are used by the immune system to destroy pathogens, but as these are highly reactive, they also have the capacity to cause DNA damage and alter protein and lipid components of a cell. As a result, cells have evolved a tight regulation of internal redox environment that involves a balanced interplay between free radicals produced and quenched by cellular antioxidants and enzyme systems. Any deregulation of this subtle balance can result in oxidative stress that can lead to various pathological conditions including cancer. Oxidative stress can be a cause of neoplasia, or it can be induced by a growing tumour itself. The link existing between oxidative stress and inflammation is also very strong. Suppressed cellular immune system, especially effector T cell system, is a characteristic of tumour‐bearing host. Both the direct oxidative stress caused by tumour cell(s) and oxidative stress mediators present in tumour microenvironment play a significant role in the suppression of effector T cell function and induction of T cell death. This review discusses in detail the complex interplay between tumour–stroma–immune system in the light of oxidative stress that dominates every phase of cancer including initiation, progression and establishment. This review also addresses in detail the mechanisms of oxidative stress‐induced T cell dysfunction in tumour‐bearing host and also briefly points out the possible therapeutic interventions.
This article deals with the electrophoresis of a charged spherical liquid drop and a charged hydrophobic sphere under a weak electric field and low surface potential assumption. The main aim of this ...study is to establish an equivalence between the two cases. An expression for the mobility of a hydrophobic particle is derived based on the model for electrophoresis of a charged non-conducting liquid drop (Ohshima et al., J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 2, 80, 1643–1667,
1984
). The derived expression for mobility of a charged hydrophobic particle reduces to the Henry mobility when slip length approaches zero. This expression is also validated by comparing with the existing thin layer analysis as well as mobility in a medium of approximately zero charge density.
AbstractThe uplift capacity of shallow horizontal strip anchors embedded in cohesionless soil has been obtained under seismic conditions. The limit equilibrium approach with log spiral failure ...surface together with modified pseudodynamic seismic forces has been adopted. In this modified pseudo dynamic approach, the soil is assumed to behave as a viscoelastic material overlying a rigid stratum and subjected to harmonic horizontal acceleration. This modified methodology satisfies the zero-stress boundary condition at the free ground surface. In the present methodology, the amplification of seismic acceleration depends on the soil properties and can be evaluated; hence, there is no need for assumption of any amplification value as is usually done in the literature. It is observed that the seismic acceleration distribution along the depth is highly nonlinear. The net seismic vertical uplift capacity factor for a unit weight component of soil (Fγd) is estimated. The results under static and seismic conditions are determined for various combinations of input parameters, such as soil friction angle, embedment ratio, and seismic acceleration. It is observed that the design value of Fγd decreases significantly with an increase in seismic acceleration. As expected, the seismic uplift capacity increases with an increase in embedment ratio and soil friction angle. Results in terms of nondimensional net seismic uplift capacity factor are presented in graphical form. In addition, the present results are compared and found to be in good agreement with a very few available similar results in literature. The present study reveals the lowest critical design values of seismic uplift capacity factor that may be used in seismic design of shallow strip anchors.
Synopsis Helium-like ions of carbon, aluminum and argon surrounded by strongly coupled plasma have been studied in the framework of ion-sphere potential. A methodology for evaluating two-electron ...correlated integrals in finite domain have been developed for this purpose.
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