The diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission, mainly produced via interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium and/or radiation field, is a very important probe of the distribution, ...propagation, and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of diffuse γ rays from the Galactic plane between 10 TeV and 1 PeV energies, with the square kilometer array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Diffuse emissions from the inner (15°<l<125°, |b|<5°) and outer (125°<l<235°, |b|<5°) Galactic plane are detected with 29.1σ and 12.7σ significance, respectively. The outer Galactic plane diffuse emission is detected for the first time in the very- to ultra-high-energy domain (E>10 TeV). The energy spectrum in the inner Galaxy regions can be described by a power-law function with an index of -2.99±0.04, which is different from the curved spectrum as expected from hadronic interactions between locally measured cosmic rays and the line-of-sight integrated gas content. Furthermore, the measured flux is higher by a factor of ∼3 than the prediction. A similar spectrum with an index of -2.99±0.07 is found in the outer Galaxy region, and the absolute flux for 10≲E≲60 TeV is again higher than the prediction for hadronic cosmic ray interactions. The latitude distributions of the diffuse emission are consistent with the gas distribution, while the longitude distributions show clear deviation from the gas distribution. The LHAASO measurements imply that either additional emission sources exist or cosmic ray intensities have spatial variations.
Thermal transport in nano-porous insulation material of aerogel has recently attracted increasing attention due to its extreme low thermal conductivity and the broad applications from energy ...conservation to safety protection. This work presents a comprehensive overview for thermal transport in nano-porous insulation materials. Factors on thermal insulation from both physical fundamentals and engineering applications are identified, and various prediction approaches including theoretical models and numerical methods for the energy carriers and overall thermal conductivity are discussed as well. In addition, directions for the future studies are looked into and several issues in thermal transport in nano-porous insulation are highlighted.
•An overview is presented for thermal transport in nano-porous insulation material of aerogel.•Factors on thermal insulation in nano-porous insulation material of aerogel are identified.•Theoretical models and numerical methods for thermal conductivity are compared.•Directions for the future investigations are looked into.
The convective cooling heat transfer in mini-channels with dimples, cylindrical grooves and low fins is numerically studied by using the field synergy principle. We solve the synergy angle ...distribution to examine the mechanisms of the heat transfer enhancement in the enhanced surfaces. The parameter PEC as the evaluation coefficient is employed to study the comprehensive performance of the enhanced surfaces. The results show that the dimple surface presents the highest performance of heat transfer enhancement. The geometry size effects of dimple are studied over a Reynolds number range of 2700–6100, and the most favorable dimple geometric structures are optimized by using the performance evaluation plot of enhanced heat transfer techniques.
► We introduce synergy angle to analyze the local heat transfer characteristics. ► The independent and dependent geometry size effects of dimple are studied. ► We obtain favorable dimple structures for heat transfer enhancement.
Trials failed to demonstrate additional value of completion axillary lymph node dissection in case of limited sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients undergoing breast conserving ...therapy. It has been suggested that the low regional recurrence rates in these trials might partially be ascribed to accidental irradiation of part of the axilla by whole breast radiation therapy, which precludes extrapolation of results to mastectomy patients. The aim of the randomized controlled BOOG 2013-07 trial is therefore to investigate whether completion axillary treatment can be safely omitted in sentinel lymph node positive breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy.
This study is designed as a non-inferiority randomized controlled multicentre trial. Women aged 18 years or older diagnosed with unilateral invasive clinically T1-2 N0 breast cancer who are treated with mastectomy, and who have a maximum of three axillary sentinel lymph nodes containing micro- and/or macrometastases, will be randomized for completion axillary treatment versus no completion axillary treatment. Completion axillary treatment can consist of completion axillary lymph node dissection or axillary radiation therapy. Primary endpoint is regional recurrence rate at 5 years. Based on a 5-year regional recurrence free survival rate of 98 % among controls and 96 % for study subjects, the sample size amounts 439 per arm (including 10 % lost to follow-up), to be able to reject the null hypothesis that the rate for study and control subjects is inferior by at least 5 % with a probability of 0.8. Results will be reported after 5 and 10 years of follow-up.
We hypothesize that completion axillary treatment can be safely omitted in sentinel node positive breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. If confirmed, this study will significantly decrease the number of breast cancer patients receiving extensive treatment of the axilla, thereby diminishing the risk of morbidity and improving quality of life, while maintaining excellent regional control and without affecting survival.
The BOOG 2013-07 study is registered in the register of ClinicalTrials.gov since April 10, 2014, Identifier: NCT02112682 .
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Based on the superlattice nanowire model, a modified model to predict the effective thermal conductivity of aerogel solid backbone is presented. We study both the size effect and interfacial ...resistance effect on the thermal conductivity of interconnected particles of the aerogel backbone. The effective thermal conductivity of the aerogel backbone is significantly lower than that of the pure nanowire and the single particle due to the interfacial thermal resistance. The solid thermal conductivity of the aerogel calculated by the present model is in good agreement with that by the minimum thermal conductivity model, and also agrees well with available experimental data when the aerogel density is above 100kg/m3.
The coupling heat conduction between the aerogel solid and gas phases is of important contribution to the total effective thermal conductivity of aerogel. Based on the assumption of spherical ...particles in the aerogel backbone, a theoretical model is proposed to calculate the coupling thermal conductivity in aerogel which relates aerogel mean pore size, mean particle size, gaseous thermal conductivity and solid particle thermal conductivity. An experimental study on the thermal conductivity of silica aerogel is carried out to validate the coupling model, and good agreement between the measured data and the coupling model is found. The present coupling model is also verified by available data including experimental results, numerical results and theoretical predictions in the literature. The comparison among the coupling models shows that the present model is of high accuracy without complex and difficult calculations.
A modified three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model is proposed to study heat conduction in nanoporous aerogel by simulating the representative ordered structures. We introduce size effects of the ...aerogel particle and the pore into the numerical model to improve prediction accuracy for the effective thermal conductivity of aerogel. The numerical model is examined by comparing with available experimental data and 2-D numerical results. The coupled heat transfer between the aerogel solid and gas phases is investigated, and the effect of gas pressure on prediction accuracy of the present model is also discussed. The results show that the present model can accurately predict the effective thermal conductivity of aerogel when the aerogel density is above 120kg/m3 and the gas pressure is in the range of 104–105Pa.
Root rot caused by
Fusarium solani
, is one of the most severe diseases in pepper (
Capsicum annuum
L.). Grafting has been attempted as an effective means to control the disease, but little is known ...about the disease resistance mechanism in grafted pepper. Therefore, we investigated the changes of biomass, cell structure, and the secondary metabolism in roots of control (non-grafted pepper) and grafted peppers using cvs. Weishi and Buyeding as rootstocks and the cv. Xinfeng 2 as a scion. After a manual inoculation, less
F. solani
invaded grafted pepper roots and consequently less serious injury to the root cell ultra-structure compared with the control was found. The roots of grafted pepper infected with
F. solani
exhibited greater biomass production and root activity than the roots of infected controls. Grafting led to an increased content of salicylic acid, benzoic acid, vanillin, lignin, and polyamines, as well as activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase. These results suggest that grafting improved the resistance of peppers to root rot.
Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of self-rated stigma and functioning in patients with bipolar disorder in Latin-America. Methods Two-hundred and forty-one ...participants with bipolar disorder were recruited from three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia). Functional impairment was assessed with the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and experiences with and impact of perceived stigma was evaluated using the Inventory of Stigmatizing Experiences (ISE). Results Higher scores of self-perceived stigma were correlated with lower scores of functioning. After multiple regression analysis, being on disability benefit, current mood symptoms and functioning were associated with self-perceived stigma. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate an association between stigma and poor functioning in bipolar disorder. Possible implications of such findings for practitioners are discussed. Limitations The main limitation of this study is that the Inventory of Stigmatizing Experiences has not yet been validated in a population of bipolar patients in our countries. The sample size and heterogeneous clinical subjects from different countries and cultures limit the generalization of the present findings.
Music or other background sounds are often played in barns as environmental enrichment for animals on farms or to mask sudden disruptive noises. Previous studies looking at the effects of this ...practice on non-human animal well-being and productivity have found contradictory results. However, there is still a lack of discussion on whether piglets have the ability to distinguish different types of music. In this study, we exposed piglets to different music conditions to investigate whether the piglets preferred certain music types, in which case those types would have the potential to be used as environmental enrichment. In total, 30 piglets were tested for music type preference to determine whether growing pigs respond differently to different types of music. We used music from two families of instruments (S: string, W: wind) and with two tempos (S: slow, 65 beats/min (bpm); F: fast, 200 bpm), providing four music-type combinations (SS: string-slow; SF: string-fast; WS: wind-slow; WF: wind-fast). The piglets were given a choice between two chambers, one with no music and the other with one of the four types of music, and their behaviour was observed. The results showed that SS and WF music significantly increased residence time (P<0.01) compared with the other music conditions. Compared with the control group (with no music), the different music conditions led to different behavioural responses, where SS music significantly increased lying (P<0.01) and exploration behaviour (P<0.01); SF music significantly increased tail-wagging behaviour (P<0.01); WS music significantly increased exploration (P<0.01); and WF music significantly increased walking, lying, standing and exploration (all P<0.01). The results also showed that musical instruments and tempo had little effect on most of the behaviours. Fast-tempo music significantly increased walking (P=0.02), standing (P<0.01) and tail wagging (P=0.04) compared with slow-tempo music. In conclusion, the results of this experiment show that piglets are more sensitive to tempo than to musical instruments in their response to musical stimulation and seem to prefer SS and WF music to the other two types. The results also suggest a need for further research on the effect of music types on animals.
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