The objective of this study was to compare the lexical sophistication of personal statements submitted by professional physical therapist education program applicants with those generated by OpenAI's ...Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT).
Personal statements from 152 applicants and 20 generated by ChatGPT were collected, all in response to a standardized prompt. These statements were coded numerically, then analyzed with recurrence quantification analyses (RQAs). RQA indices including recurrence, determinism, max line, mean line, and entropy were compared with t-tests. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine discriminative validity of RQA indices to distinguish between ChatGPT and human-generated personal statements.
ChatGPT-generated personal statements exhibited higher recurrence, determinism, mean line, and entropy values than did human-generated personal statements. The strongest discriminator was a 13.04% determinism rate, which differentiated ChatGPT from human-generated writing samples with 70% sensitivity and 91.4% specificity (positive likelihood ratio = 8.14). Personal statements with determinism rates exceeding 13% were 8 times more likely to have been ChatGPT than human generated.
Although RQA can distinguish artificial intelligence (AI)-generated text from human-generated text, it is not absolute. Thus, AI introduces additional challenges to the authenticity and utility of personal statements. Admissions committees along with organizations providing guidelines in professional physical therapist education program admissions should reevaluate the role of personal statements in applications.
As AI-driven chatbots like ChatGPT complicate the evaluation of personal statements, RQA emerges as a potential tool for admissions committees to detect AI-generated statements.
The Roseobacter lineage is a phylogenetically coherent, physiologically heterogeneous group of alpha-Proteobacteria comprising up to 25% of marine microbial communities, especially in coastal and ...polar oceans, and it is the only lineage in which cultivated bacteria are closely related to environmental clones. Currently 41 subclusters are described, covering all major marine ecological niches (seawater, algal blooms, microbial mats, sediments, sea ice, marine invertebrates). Members of the Roseobacter lineage play an important role for the global carbon and sulfur cycle and the climate, since they have the trait of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, oxidize the greenhouse gas carbon monoxide, and produce the climate-relevant gas dimethylsulfide through the degradation of algal osmolytes. Production of bioactive metabolites and quorum-sensing-regulated control of gene expression mediate their success in complex communities. Studies of representative isolates in culture, whole-genome sequencing, e.g., of Silicibacter pomeroyi, and the analysis of marine metagenome libraries have started to reveal the environmental biology of this important marine group.
For highly automated driving functions, up to ten radar sensors must be installed without affecting the vehicle design. This is only possible if they are placed behind painted bumpers. In order to ...understand the effects of automotive coatings on radar, it is crucial to determine the relative permittivity of each coating layer. A holistic approach to achieve high precision when determining the relative permittivities of multilayer automotive coatings for radars operating at 76-77 GHz is presented. The method is applied to two different types of measurement setups utilizing a vector network analyzer (VNA) with corrugated horn antennas and an all-in-one quasi-optical free-space measurement solution.
Hsp90 is a conserved molecular chaperone regulating the folding and activation of a diverse array of several hundreds of client proteins. The function of Hsp90 in client processing is fine-tuned by a ...cohort of co-chaperones that modulate client activation in a client-specific manner. They affect the Hsp90 ATPase activity and the recruitment of client proteins and can in addition affect chaperoning in an Hsp90-independent way. p23 and Aha1 are central Hsp90 co-chaperones that regulate Hsp90 in opposing ways. While p23 inhibits the Hsp90 ATPase and stabilizes a client-bound Hsp90 state, Aha1 accelerates ATP hydrolysis and competes with client binding to Hsp90. Even though both proteins have been intensively studied for decades, research of the last few years has revealed intriguing new aspects of these co-chaperones that expanded our perception of how they regulate client activation. Here, we review the progress in understanding p23 and Aha1 as promoters of client processing. We highlight the structures of Aha1 and p23, their interaction with Hsp90, and how their association with Hsp90 affects the conformational cycle of Hsp90 in the context of client maturation.
The fermentation of glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum was studied with respect to product formation as influenced by the culture conditions. In the majority of batch cultures, butanol was the main ...fermentation product, but a varying fraction of glycerol was also converted to 1,3-propanediol, butyric and acetic acids and ethanol. More than 60 g/l glycerol was utilized, and up to 17 g/l butanol was produced. Fed-batch cultures did not offer an advantage. When molecular nitrogen was used as a nitrogen source, the fermentation time was prolonged by a factor of 1.5. Fermentations at constant pH values between 4.5 and 7.5 did not reveal significant differences in product formation except for an increase in the ethanol content starting at pH 6.5. Chemostat cultures also yielded predominantly n-butanol, but in some fermentations, the 1,3-propanediol fraction was relatively high. The pH auxostat cultures, which were operated at a glycerol excess, contained 1,3-propanediol as the main product. As a whole, the fermentations were characterized by a certain variability in product formation under seemingly equal or slightly varied conditions. It appears that the regulation of the numerous fermentation pathways occurring in this organism is not very strict.
In the past, woodborers like A. punctatum and X. rufovillosum were widespread in historic furniture, households, and building structures, but as they need a high wood moisture content and central ...heating and climate control have become common today their occurrence is rare and often limited to open-air museums, rural museums, and historic buildings. In this paper, we report on the spread and transportation of different wood-boring beetles with wooden pallets, wooden transport boxes used for art transportation, and also the rising problem of different Lyctus species (powder post beetles) in new wood used in museums. Not only the native Lyctus linearis but also the introduced L. brunneus, L. cavicollis, and L. africanus can be found in transport boxes (nine cases in Germany between 2003 and 2015), infestations of new picture frames (three cases in Austria between 2010 and 2015), and new wood sold to carpenters in museum and conservation studios (used for new stretcher and picture frames, two cases in Austria). In some cases (two in Germany) a newly-laid parquet floor was infested by powder post beetles. The house longhorn beetle (H. bajulus), the furniture beetle (A. punctatum), and the Anobiid Oligomerus ptilinoides were all found infesting wooden pallets inside museum stores (five cases in Austria). New wooden pallets and transport boxes are treated once with heat after production, but our examples show that infestation and transportation of wood pests are still possible and are a new challenge for integrated pest management (IPM) in the future. We examine and discuss the materials used to transport art and possible measures to combat and prevent pests (plastic pallets or the use of other wood types). In addition, the biology and life-history of powderpost beetles is described.
Minimally invasive surgery has become a common term in visceral as well as gynecologic surgery. It has almost evolved into its own surgical speciality over the past 20 years. Today, being firmly ...established in every subspeciality of visceral surgery, it is now no longer a distinct skillset, but a fixed part of the armamentarium of surgical options available. In every indication, the advantages of a minimally invasive approach include reduced intraoperative blood loss, less postoperative pain, and shorter rehabilitation times, as well as a marked reduction of overall and surgical postoperative morbidity. In the advent of modern oncologic treatment algorithms, these effects not only lower the immediate impact that an operation has on the patient, but also become important key steps in reducing the side-effects of surgery. Thus, they enable surgery to become a module in modern multi-disciplinary cancer treatment, which blends into multimodular treatment options at different times and prolongs and widens the possibilities available to cancer patients. In this quickly changing environment, the requirement to learn and refine not only open surgical but also different minimally invasive techniques on high levels deeply impact modern surgical training pathways. The use of modern elearning tools and new and praxis-based surgical training possibilities have been readily integrated into modern surgical education,which persists throughout the whole surgical career of modern gynecologic and visceral surgery specialists.
A theoretical and practical investigation of polymer composites including paint layers as radomes for automotive long-range radar systems operating at 76.5 GHz is carried out. The materials in focus ...of this research are metallic base paints with a high concentration of metal, and hence, a high dielectric constant. A multilayered free-space measurement technique is presented to derive the dielectric properties of coatings with a thickness of several micrometers. The impact of the paint layers on the radar performance are discussed in this paper, and a narrowband technique is presented to compensate the reflection effects of critical paints.
Background
Patients with peritoneal metastases of gastric cancer have a poor prognosis and median survival of 7 months. This study compared treatment options and outcomes based on the Peritoneal ...Cancer Index (PCI).
Methods
This retrospective analysis included patients with gastric cancer treated between August 2008 and December 2017 with synchronous peritoneal metastases only diagnosed by laparoscopy. The three treatments were as follows: (1) cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in combination with pre- and postoperative systemic chemotherapy (
n
= 58), (2) laparotomy/laparoscopy without CRS, but HIPEC in combination with pre- and postoperative systemic chemotherapy (
n
= 11), and (3) systemic chemotherapy only (
n
= 19).
Results
A total of 88 patients aged 54.6 ± 10.9 years with mean PCI of 14.3 ± 11.3 were included. The PCI was significantly lower in group 1 (8.3 ± 5.7) than in group 2 (23.9 ± 11.1,
p
< 0.001) and group 3 (27.3 ± 9.3,
p
< 0.001). Mean time from diagnosis to laparoscopy was 5.2 ± 2.9 months. The median overall survival was 9.8 ± 0.7 for group 1, 6.3 ± 3.0 for group 2 and 4.9 ± 1.9 months for group 3 (
p
< 0.001). Predictors for deteriorated overall patient survival included > 4 cycles of preoperative chemotherapy (HR 4.49,
p
< 0.001), lymph-node metastasis (HR 3.53,
p
= 0.005), PCI ≥ 12 (HR 2.11,
p
= 0.036), and incompleteness of cytoreduction (HR 4.30,
p
= 0.001) in patients treated with CRS and HIPEC.
Conclusion
CRS and HIPEC showed convincing results in selected patients with PCI < 12 and complete cytoreduction. Prolonged duration (> 4 cycles) of preoperative intravenous chemotherapy reduced patient survival in patients suitable for CRS and HIPEC.
Abstract
Due to the fluctuating feed-in of renewable energies, controllable power plants such as highly efficient CHP plants (combined heat and power) will continue to be required to cover the ...residual load. Gas engines and turbines currently dominate the natural gas-based CHP market due to their low investment costs and acceptable electrical efficiency. In the event of a future fuel switch due to the energy transition from natural gas to hydrogen, fuel cell systems are becoming increasingly important due to their very high efficiency and improved dynamics in hydrogen operation and can therefore represent an alternative to gas engines and turbines. In addition to a possible fuel switch, good dynamic and full heat utilization represents an additional challenge for CHP systems. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of a fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen on the operation of a fuel cell (PAFC) in terms of efficiency, heat utilization and dynamics. It was shown that the electrical efficiency of the hydrogen-operated PAFC is significantly higher than in natural gas operation due to the omitted reformer and the associated reformer losses. In hydrogen operation, there is also no limitation of the dynamics by the reformer. Furthermore, in hydrogen operation there is a more favorable ratio of high-temperature to low-temperature heat, which facilitates the use of heat. Detailed and validated simulation models in Aspen Plus are used as the basis for this investigation.
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