We report an absolute calibration of the ionization yields(\(\textit{Q\)_y\(})\) and fluctuations for electronic recoil events in liquid xenon at discrete energies between 186 eV and 33.2 keV. The ...average electric field applied across the liquid xenon target is 180 V/cm. The data are obtained using low energy \(^{127}\)Xe electron capture decay events from the 95.0-day first run from LUX (WS2013) in search of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). The sequence of gamma-ray and X-ray cascades associated with \(^{127}\)I de-excitations produces clearly identified 2-vertex events in the LUX detector. We observe the K- (binding energy, 33.2 keV), L- (5.2 keV), M- (1.1 keV), and N- (186 eV) shell cascade events and verify that the relative ratio of observed events for each shell agrees with calculations. The N-shell cascade analysis includes single extracted electron (SE) events and represents the lowest-energy electronic recoil \(\textit{in situ}\) measurements that have been explored in liquid xenon.
LUX was the first dark matter experiment to use a \(^{83\textrm{m}}\)Kr calibration source. In this paper we describe the source preparation and injection. We also present several ...\(^{83\textrm{m}}\)Kr calibration applications in the context of the 2013 LUX exposure, including the measurement of temporal and spatial variation in scintillation and charge signal amplitudes, and several methods to understand the electric field within the time projection chamber.
The first searches for axions and axion-like particles with the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment are presented. Under the assumption of an axio-electric interaction in xenon, the coupling ...constant between axions and electrons, gAe is tested, using data collected in 2013 with an exposure totalling 95 live-days \(\times\) 118 kg. A double-sided, profile likelihood ratio statistic test excludes gAe larger than 3.5 \(\times\) 10\(^{-12}\) (90% C.L.) for solar axions. Assuming the DFSZ theoretical description, the upper limit in coupling corresponds to an upper limit on axion mass of 0.12 eV/c\(^{2}\), while for the KSVZ description masses above 36.6 eV/c\(^{2}\) are excluded. For galactic axion-like particles, values of gAe larger than 4.2 \(\times\) 10\(^{-13}\) are excluded for particle masses in the range 1-16 keV/c\(^{2}\). These are the most stringent constraints to date for these interactions.
We present experimental constraints on the spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon elastic cross sections from the total 129.5 kg-year exposure acquired by the Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX), operating ...at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota (USA). A profile likelihood ratio analysis allows 90% CL upper limits to be set on the WIMP-neutron (WIMP-proton) cross section of \(\sigma_n\) = 1.6\(\times 10^{-41}\) cm\(^{2}\) (\(\sigma_p\) = 5\(\times 10^{-40}\) cm\(^{2}\)) at 35 GeV\(c^{-2}\), almost a sixfold improvement over the previous LUX spin-dependent results. The spin-dependent WIMP-neutron limit is the most sensitive constraint to date.
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and ...proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of \(^{238}\)U\(_{e}\)~\(<\)1.6~mBq/kg, \(^{238}\)U\(_{l}\)~\(<\)0.09~mBq/kg, \(^{232}\)Th\(_{e}\)~\(=0.28\pm 0.03\)~mBq/kg, \(^{232}\)Th\(_{l}\)~\(=0.25\pm 0.02\)~mBq/kg, \(^{40}\)K~\(<\)0.54~mBq/kg, and \(^{60}\)Co~\(<\)0.02~mBq/kg (68\% CL). Such low intrinsic activities, which are some of the lowest ever reported for titanium, enable its use for future dark matter and other rare event searches. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to assess the expected background contribution from the LZ cryostat with this radioactivity. In 1,000 days of WIMP search exposure of a 5.6-tonne fiducial mass, the cryostat will contribute only a mean background of \(0.160\pm0.001\)(stat)\(\pm0.030\)(sys) counts.
In this Technical Design Report (TDR) we describe the LZ detector to be built at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The LZ dark matter experiment is designed to achieve sensitivity to ...a WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of three times ten to the negative forty-eighth square centimeters.
We report constraints on spin-independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-nucleon scattering using a 3.35e4 kg-day exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. A dual-phase ...xenon time projection chamber with 250 kg of active mass is operated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility under Lead, South Dakota (USA). With roughly fourfold improvement in sensitivity for high WIMP masses relative to our previous results, this search yields no evidence of WIMP nuclear recoils. At a WIMP mass of 50 GeV/c^2, WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross sections above 2.2e-46 cm^2 are excluded at the 90% confidence level. When combined with the previously reported LUX exposure, this exclusion strengthens to 1.1e-46 cm^2 at 50 GeV/c^2.
The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment is a dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC) operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. A calibration of ...nuclear recoils in liquid xenon was performed \(\textit{in situ}\) in the LUX detector using a collimated beam of mono-energetic 2.45 MeV neutrons produced by a deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion source. The nuclear recoil energy from the first neutron scatter in the TPC was reconstructed using the measured scattering angle defined by double-scatter neutron events within the active xenon volume. We measured the absolute charge (\(Q_{y}\)) and light (\(L_{y}\)) yields at an average electric field of 180 V/cm for nuclear recoil energies spanning 0.7 to 74 keV and 1.1 to 74 keV, respectively. This calibration of the nuclear recoil signal yields will permit the further refinement of liquid xenon nuclear recoil signal models and, importantly for dark matter searches, clearly demonstrates measured ionization and scintillation signals in this medium at recoil energies down to \(\mathcal{O}\)(1 keV).
This work presents an analysis of monoenergetic electronic recoil peaks in the dark-matter-search and calibration data from the first underground science run of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) ...detector. Liquid xenon charge and light yields for electronic recoil energies between 5.2 and 661.7 keV are measured, as well as the energy resolution for the LUX detector at those same energies. Additionally, there is an interpretation of existing measurements and descriptions of electron-ion recombination fluctuations in liquid xenon as limiting cases of a more general liquid xenon re- combination fluctuation model. Measurements of the standard deviation of these fluctuations at monoenergetic electronic recoil peaks exhibit a linear dependence on the number of ions for energy deposits up to 661.7 keV, consistent with previous LUX measurements between 2-16 keV with \(^3\)H. We highlight similarities in liquid xenon recombination for electronic and nuclear recoils with a comparison of recombination fluctuations measured with low-energy calibration data.
We present constraints on weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP)-nucleus scattering from the 2013 data of the Large Underground Xenon dark matter experiment, including ...\(1.4\times10^{4}\;\mathrm{kg\; day}\) of search exposure. This new analysis incorporates several advances: single-photon calibration at the scintillation wavelength, improved event-reconstruction algorithms, a revised background model including events originating on the detector walls in an enlarged fiducial volume, and new calibrations from decays of an injected tritium \(\beta\) source and from kinematically constrained nuclear recoils down to 1.1 keV. Sensitivity, especially to low-mass WIMPs, is enhanced compared to our previous results which modeled the signal only above a 3 keV minimum energy. Under standard dark matter halo assumptions and in the mass range above 4 \(\mathrm{GeV}\,c^{-2}\), these new results give the most stringent direct limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross section. The 90% C.L. upper limit has a minimum of 0.6 zb at 33 \(\mathrm{GeV}\,c^{-2}\) WIMP mass.
