•Cellulose oligomers were obtained by acidic hydrolysis and were characterized.•Their dispersity was successfully decreased by differential solubilisation.•Cellulose oligomers were coupled with a ...fatty acid using click chemistry.•The self-assembly of these new fully bio-based amphiphilic compounds was studied.
Cellulose oligomers are water-soluble, on the contrary to cellulose, which greatly increase their application range. In this study, cellulose oligomers were obtained from the acidic hydrolysis of cellulose with phosphoric acid. The global yield in water-soluble oligomers was around 23% with polymerization degree (DP) ranging from 1 to 12. The cellulose oligomers DP distribution was successfully reduced by differential solubilisation in methanol as one of the goals of this work was to avoid the use of a time-consuming full chromatographic separation. The methanol-soluble oligomers were mainly low DP (≤3). The oligomers of higher molar mass, composed of 42% of cellotetraose and 36% of cellopentaose, were then functionalized and coupled with stearic acid through azide-alkyne click chemistry to obtain amphiphilic compounds. The self-assembly of these new bio-based compounds was finally investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their critical micellar concentration (CMC) was found to be in the same range as alkylmaltosides and alkylglucosides.
Le but de cette thèse est de produire des oligomères de cellulose de dispersité faible. Pour ce faire, deux méthodes ont été imaginées : la méthode « fishing » où des oligomères de cellulose sont ...obtenus par hydrolyse acide puis sont séparés par solubilisation sélective dans une phase organique à l’aide d’un polymère synthétique. Le ratio des tailles du polymère synthétique et des oligomères de cellulose sera responsable de la sélectivité. La méthode « masking » où des portions de cellulose de la taille des futurs oligomères sont protégées par un polymère synthétique lors d’une hydrolyse enzymatique.Dans les deux cas, les polymères synthétiques contiennent des acides boroniques qui permettent une interaction réversible avec les sucres.Malgré de nombreuses tentatives, ces deux méthodes n’ont pas été couronnées de succès. Pour la première, le procédé n’était pas sélectif. Pour la seconde, le polymère permettant une interaction tout au long de la chaine de cellulose n’a pas pu être synthétisé. La dispersité des oligomères obtenus par hydrolyse acide (degrés de polymérisation (DP) de 1 à 12) a cependant pu être réduite de façon satisfaisante en solubilisant les DP les plus faibles dans le méthanol.Enfin, la fraction insoluble dans le méthanol, après fonctionnalisation de l’extrémité réductrice par un groupement azide, a été couplée à un acide stéarique fonctionnalisé alcyne par chimie « click ». L’auto-assemblage de ce nouveau composé amphiphile a été étudié dans l’eau, la CMC a été mesurée à 100 mg.L-1. Les objets observés sont sphériques, de taille homogène avec un diamètre moyen de 140 nm ce qui indique une morphologie en vésicule.
The purpose of this study is to produce uniform cellulose oligomers. In this frame, two methods were considered:for the “fishing” method, the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis of cellulose are separated by selective solubilisation in an organic phase thanks to a synthetic polymer. The size ratio between the synthetic polymer and the cellulose oligomer would be responsible for the selectivity.For the “masking” method, parts of cellulose backbone having the size of the future oligomers are protected with a synthetic polymer during an enzymatic hydrolysis.In both cases, the synthetic polymers contain boronic acid groups that interact reversibly with saccharides.Despite various attempts, these two methods were not crowned with success. The first one was eventually not selective. For the second one, the polymer allowing an interaction all along the cellulose backbone could not be synthesised. The dispersity of the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis (polymerisation degree (DP) from 1 to 12) was satisfactorily decreased by solubilising the smaller DP in methanol.To finish, the methanol-insoluble fraction was functionalised at the reducing end with an azide group. It was then coupled to an alkyne-functionalised stearic acid by click chemistry. The self-assembly of this new amphiphilic compound was studied in water, the CMC was measured at 100 mg.L-1. The particles formed were spherical, homogeneous and had an average diameter of 140 nm, which indicate a vesicle morphology.
Xq28 int22h‐1/int22h‐2 duplication is the result of non‐allelic homologous recombination between int22h‐1/int22h‐2 repeats separated by 0.5 Mb. It is responsible for a syndromic form of intellectual ...disability (ID), with recurrent infections and atopic diseases. Minor defects, nonspecific facial dysmorphic features, and overweight have also been described. Half of female carriers have been reported with ID, whereas all reported evaluated born males present mild to moderate ID, suggesting complete penetrance. We collected data on 15 families from eight university hospitals. Among them, 40 patients, 21 females (one fetus), and 19 males (two fetuses), were carriers of typical or atypical Xq28 int22h‐1/int22h‐2 duplication. Twenty‐one individuals were considered asymptomatic (16 females and 5 males), without significantly higher rate of recurrent infections, atopia, overweight, or facial dysmorphism. Approximately 67% live‐born males and 23% live‐born female carriers of the typical duplication did not have obvious signs of intellectual disability, suggesting previously undescribed incomplete penetrance or low expression in certain carriers. The possibility of a second‐hit or modifying factors to this possible susceptibility locus is yet to be studied but a possible observational bias should be considered in assessing such challenging X‐chromosome copy number gains. Additional segregation studies should help to quantify this newly described incomplete penetrance.
After assembling a French cohort of 15 families with 40 carriers of the Xq28 int22h‐1/int22h‐2 duplication, we found that the penetrance of the associated syndromic intellectual disability was less than 100% in our male individuals and less than 50% in our female individuals, inconsistent with previous descriptions in the literature.
