Since 1987, a multitude of studies referring to the Schwartz (1992) structural model of human values have been published. Although most studies support this conceptual approach, few were based on ...representative samples. The implementation of the biennial European Social Survey (ESS) in 2002, which included responses from 71 representative national samples from 32 countries to a 21-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, provided data for assessing this model of human values.This article presents structural analyses of these data using a theory-based approach to multidimensional scaling that can be applied to optimally assess the fit of data to diverse theories. The analyses support the circular structure of basic values across countries and within countries across time. They also replicate two findings based on other samples, surveys, and methods of analysis: Deviations from the structure are fewer and the contrast between protection and growth values is sharper in more developed societies.
We broaden the developmental focus of the theory of universals in basic human values (Schwartz, 1992, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology) by presenting supportive evidence on children's ...values from six countries: Germany, Italy, Poland, Bulgaria, the United States, and New Zealand. 3,088 7–11‐year‐old children completed the Picture‐Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS‐C, Döring et al., 2010, J. Pers. Assess., 92, 439). Grade 5 children also completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ, Schwartz, 2003, A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Chapter 7 in the Questionnaire Development Package of the European Social Survey). Findings reveal that the broad value structures, sex differences in value priorities and pan‐cultural value hierarchies typical of adults have already taken form at this early age. We discuss the conceptual implications of these findings for the new field of children's basic values by embedding them in the recent developmental literature.
In this article, we introduce the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C): a new assessment instrument that was developed within the conceptual framework of Schwartz's (1994) theory of ...universal human values. In the article, we describe the development of the PBVS-C with a specific focus on children's cognitive-developmental background (
Harter, 1999
;
La Greca, 1990
) and first applications. Multidimensional Scaling analyses in 2 samples of 8- to 12-year-old children (N= 267, N= 421, respectively) revealed highly differentiated structural patterns that closely correspond to Schwartz's theory. We discuss these findings and the potentials and limitations of the new instrument with respect to future directions of values research.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The paper compares the theoretical implications of two popular scales for the measurement of personal values, the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) of Schwartz et al. (J Cross-Cult Psychol, ...32:519–542, 2001) and the IRVS of Hermann (Werte und Kriminalität: Konzeption einer allgemeinen Kriminalitätstheorie Values and criminality: conception of a general theory of criminality, 2003; Zusammenstellung sozialwissenschaftlicher Items und Skalen, 2014). These scales come from psychology and sociology, respectively. They were developed, independently of each other, to serve different purposes, are based on different theories, and use different statistical models. We here study the validity of each scale for either theory. It is shown that using the PVQ methodology leads to similar and robust model solutions for data collected with either scale. Conversely, using the methodology that is standard for Individual Reflexive Value Scale (IRVS) data confirms the theoretical predictions for PVQ data but leads to unstable solutions for IRVS data. Nevertheless, the IRVS suggests “peace of mind” as an additional basic value and items that serve to complement the PVQ value circle. “Religion” is found to also fit into the structure of basic PVQ values but it contains a unique component.
The systematic relation between delinquency and the overall spectrum of individual values has not been a particular topic of psychological research in the past. To fill this gap, we refer to ...Schwartz's (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65 theory of universals in the content and structure of values (TUV) and re-interpret the results of Hermann's (2003). Werte und Kriminalität. Wiesbaden: Springer criminological research on individual reflexive values, norm acceptance, and self-reported delinquency against this background: We verify to what extent the Individual Reflexive Value Scale (IRVS) covers the overall spectrum of values defined by TUV. We validate this match by content analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) and compute IRVS-based basic and higher-order value scores. Confirmatory and spherical MDS with these scores yield the circular value structure postulated by TUV. Structural equation modelling (SEM) reveals systematic relations between basic values, norm acceptance and self-reported delinquency in accord with the 'sinusoid curve hypothesis'. Moving around the value circle yields the highest negative correlations of self-reported delinquency with tradition and conformity and the highest positive correlations with hedonism and stimulation. These values are indicators of the higher-order value dimension 'conservation' versus 'openness to change'. The significant impact of this value dimension on norm acceptance and delinquency is documented by means of SEM.
The paper focuses on ratings of the perceived seriousness of crimes and how they can be explained in a testable scaling model (SOCID) that shows commonalities and differences among individuals. The ...model assumes that crimes are first represented on each person’s psychological map. This map can be described as a geometric space spanned by the crimes’ perceived attributes. When assessing the seriousness of crimes, the person positions him-/herself on this map by finding a point whose distances to the crime points express how much he/she is rejects the respective crimes. Using three representative German surveys on crime prevention, the SOCID model is positively tested for various predictions: (1) All persons in our surveys share the same psychological map of crimes; (2) a 2-dimensional map accurately describes the persons’ observed badness ratings; (3) the points representing the crimes form essentially linear manifolds on the maps; (4) the older and the more conservation-oriented a person, the more similar his/her distances to the crimes; (5) gender has no systematic effect on the distribution of person-points on the crimes’ maps.
The paper takes a closer look at the relations of personal values and delinquency in two representative German surveys. A new definition for value items is proposed and used to cull 30 items that ...measure eleven basic values. It is shown that the structure of the values and their items in multi-dimensional scaling and in unfolding, respectively, suggest an underlying continuous value scale where the values are but verbal markers for different segments of the circle. This value circle is shared by almost all persons, and different persons differ only in terms of how they prioritize the various values. Centering or not centering the ratings leads to virtually the same value circles. The value circle allows predicting a sine-like pattern of correlations of values with attitudes on delinquency, self-reported delinquent behavior, and the perceived risks of delinquency. The best predictors are hedonism and stimulation (for positive relations towards delinquency) and tradition, conformity, and peace of mind (for negative relations).
•Personal values using the IRV scale form a circle.•Centering and not centering the ratings leads to same results in MDS.•Almost all persons can be well represented in one unfolding solution.•Position of person points in unfolding relate to persons' delinquency.•Values predict positive and negative relations to delinquency.
The universality of
Schwartz and Bilsky's (1987)
theory of the psychological content and structure of human values was examined with data from Australia, Finland, Hong Kong, Spain, and the United ...States. Smallest space analyses of the importance ratings that individuals assigned to values revealed the same 7 distinct motivational types of values in each sample as had emerged earlier in samples from Germany and Israel: achievement, enjoyment, maturity, prosocial, restrictive conformity, security, self-direction. Social power, studied only in Hong Kong, also emerged. The structural relations among the value types suggest that the motivational dynamics underlying people's value priorities are similar across the societies studied, with an exception in Hong Kong. The interests that values serve (individual vs. collective) and their goal type (instrumental vs. terminal) also distinguish values in all samples.
Value structure at an early age Bubeck, Maike; Bilsky, Wolfgang
Swiss journal of psychology,
03/2004, Letnik:
63, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Research with adult subjects has provided
evidence for the validity of Schwartz' (1992) theory on the
structure of values. However, information about children and adolescents is
scarce. Using the ...Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-29) to
test the applicability of Schwartz' values theory to this population, a
sample of 1555 German subjects aged 10 to 17 was investigated. Value structure
was analyzed for the whole sample and for different age groups. Results broadly
confirm the validity of Schwartz' theory. They do not show the
hypothesized correspondence between age and structural complexity, as
operationalized by the number of distinct value types. Rather, the value
structure of 10 to 12 year olds is nearly as differentiated as that of 15 to 17
year olds.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) has been a central tool of psychological research into value structure for more than two decades. MDS is usually applied in an exploratory way because strict ...confirmatory analyses are still difficult to realize, due to the manifold problems of how to impose regional constraints on MDS solutions. "Weak confirmatory approaches" (Borg & Staufenbiel, 2007) which use a theory-based starting configuration could be an acceptable compromise. In this paper, we outline how such a configuration can be derived from Schwartz's (1992, p. 14) original model, which is characterized by a strict circular structure. Such a "parsimonious" structure seems particularly suited for multi-method studies. We also apply this configuration to the Spanish value data from the first three rounds of the European Social Survey to illustrate the procedure. Finally, we show how to test whether and to what extent regional adjustments of single items affect the overall fit of the respective MDS solution.
PDF
