Background and purpose: Urticaria is one of the most widespread skin inflammatory diseases that reduce the quality of life, especially in chronic cases. Considering the very close compatibility of ...urticaria and angioedema with Shara and Mashara in Persian Medicine, this paper aimed at comparing their signs, symptoms, and etiology and suggests a more comprehensive diagnostic perspective and paves the way for further researches. Materials and methods: This narrative review was conducted using the main manuscripts of Persian medicine and international medical databases using relevant keywords such as urticaria, angioedema, Shara, Mashara, etc. Data were then compared, interpreted, and analyzed. Results: The symptoms of urticaria and angioedema such as sudden nocturnal pruritus and the causes of increased heat in the body were found to be similar to those of Shara and Mashara. The cascade of inflammatory factors, dilation, and increased permeability of blood vessels can be comparable to sudden movement of the vapor of warm blood to narrowed pores of the skin. Conclusion: Persian and conventional medicine share similar perspectives on urticaria and angioedema. The food digestion process and function of the body's major organs in production of healthy blood are too important. Therefore, integrating Persian and conventional medicine could be effective in diagnosis and treatment of these inflammatory diseases.
The temperament is a basic concept of maintaining health in Traditional Persian Medicine. The two main grouping of temperament is hot/cold and wet/dry. Many female disorders include infertilities are ...diagnosed and treated based on the dystemperament therapies. This report describes design of a questionnaire for uterine temperament detection and its use to evaluate the uterine temperament of a population of infertile women.
The uterine temperament parameters derived from main textbooks were used to design a questionnaire which its validity and reliability was proven by statistical methods. The questionnaire was then used to detect the uterine temperament of 54 infertile females. Also full history and physical exam and vaginal sonography was performed in the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle for all study participants.
The mean age was 30.92 ± 5.53 years old. Mean uterine temperament score was 3.21 ± 0.53 for hotness and 4.28 ± 1 for wetness. Mean general body temperament was 138.88 ± 17.61. The general body temperament hotness/coldness was significantly correlated with the uterus hotness/coldness (
= 0.0842); while the wetness/dryness temperament of the body and uterus were not correlated. Moreover, uterus temperament was not correlated with the size of the uterus and ovaries in sonography, but pelvic width was correlated with hot uterine temperament (
= 0.354,
= 0.0145).
In the present study, the most prevalent achieved temperament was cold and wet in patients with infertility complaint. Moreover, the hot/cold temperament of body and pelvic width were correlated with uterus temperament. This may propose new prevention and also treatment methods in the field of infertility, which needs to be further evaluated.
Objectives: This review investigates the existing research with regard to a variety of different suggested methods by traditional Persian medicine (TPM) about the baby’s sex selection. Materials and ...Methods: A comprehensive scoping review including five stages was conducted to summarize evidence on pre-implantation sex selection in TPM. The research question and relevant studies were identified in stages 1 and 2, respectively. Then, studies were selected and data were charted in stages 3 and 4, and finally, the results were collated, summarized, and reported in stage 5. Results: Accordingly, 7 general categories were arranged, including the temperament of the sexual organs in a man, the temperament of sexual organs in a woman, the type of male semen, and timing and manner of sexual intercourse for fetus sex induction purposes. Other categories were the effect of environmental factors, the couple’s psychic states during the course of love-making, the couple’s age, and measures for male sex induction. Conclusions: This review summarizes the existing research regarding different suggested methods by TPM on the baby’s sex selection. These could well be the basis for further prospective scientific research and investigation.
Objectives: According to Persian medicine (PM), the uterus is an important organ in women, responsible for purifying the blood and nourishing the fetus. Each organ has a specific temperament distinct ...from the whole-body temperament based on PM. Dystemperament occurs when body or organ Mizaj (Persian word for temperament) deviates from what is considered normal, resulting in malfunction. Many gynecological disorders described in PM and conventional medicine, including infertility, recurrent miscarriage, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis, urinary incontinence, and pelvic pain, are considered to be associated with uterine dystemperaments. Hence, proper management of such disorders requires precise diagnosis and treatment of uterine dystemperaments. Accordingly, this review study aimed to collect and categorize these symptoms from PM texts and other relevant articles. Methods: In this study, we reviewed 10 well-known PM references, including Canon in Medicine (Al-Qanun Fi al-Teb), the Great Panacea (Exir-e A’zam), the Treasure of Kharazmshah (Zakhireh Kharazmshahi), the Perfect Book of the Art of Medicine (Kamel alSana’a al-Tebbiya), Akbari’s Medicine (Tebb-E-Akbari), Gharshi’s Commentary on Canon of Medicine (Sharh-e Qarshi bar Qanun), Commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms (Sharh-e Fosul-e Boqraat), Summary of Experiences (Kholasa-tut Tajarob), Description of Signs and Symptoms (Sharh-e Asbab va Alamat), and Aghili’s Treatments (Mo’alejat-e Aghili). Moreover, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, SienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were queried with the keywords ‘mizaj’, ‘temperament’, ‘uterus’, ‘uterine’, ‘cold/hot or warm’, and ‘dry/wet’, while Persian databases of Magiran, Iran Medex, and SID were searched using keywords ‘mizaj’, ‘rahem’, ‘garm’, ‘sard’, ‘tar’, and ‘khoshk’ to extract signs and symptoms associated with uterine temperament and dystemperament. Results: Five indicators were specified in the articles and PM sources for determining the temperament and dystemperament of the uterus as follows: 1) Menstrual blood characteristics (including amount, temperature, color, odor, flow rate, and consistency); 2) Uterine discharge characteristics (including amount, consistency, color, odor, and accompanied symptoms, especially burning and itching); 3) Fertility and pregnancy status (including infertility, abortion, etc.); 4. Other characteristics of the female reproductive system (including pubic hair, menarche age, sexual desire and quality of intercourse, and vaginal and cervical condition on vaginal examination); and 5) General symptoms (including the ten PM indicators of whole-body Mizaj). Conclusions: PM sources have described the characteristics of uterine temperament and dystemperament in detail. These indices can be used for more effective diagnosis, treatment, and even prevention of gynecological diseases, as well as designing and validation of standard tools for determining uterine temperament and dystemperament.
Introduction: Ovulation disorders are the most common causes of female infertility. Considering the importance of this issue in Persian medicines texts and the holistic view of this medical doctrine ...in the treatment of ovulation disorders, the present study was conducted to investigate infertility due to ovulation disorders in Persian and traditional medicine. Methods: In this review study, for the collection of data through a library method, all the causes of ovulation disorders were extracted based on classical medicine references, such as Speroff, Danforth, Novak, and Williams. Then, a search was performed in several electronic databases, including Scopus, Pubmed, and Magiran, using the Persian keywords, such as "Oghr", "Infertility", and "Ovulation disorders + infertility", and the English keywords, like "Infertility", "Persian medicine", and "Ovulatory disorder". Only clinical and review studies conducted in Persian or English language and published during 2000-2017 were included in the study. Finally, the overall causes of ovulation disorder were assessed and compared. Results: In the traditional medicine, the health status of ovarian-brain axis is considered important in ovulation. Similarly, the Persian medicine has given serious attention to this axis. According to the Persian medicine texts, in addition to the ovaries, the health of the brain, heart, liver, and digestive system also affects ovulation. The Iranian medicine scholars divide ovulation disorders into two categories, namely ovum disorders and disorders in the brain and other organs. According to this theory, the restoration of other organs' health is also essential for the treatment of infertility. Conclusion: The general causes of ovulation disorders were relatively similar in the Persian and traditional medicine. These two medical doctrines had an insignificant difference in the underlying causes of ovulation disorders. In this regard, the Persian medicine gave a special attention to the role of other organs in ovulation disorders, in addition to that of the ovaries. Therefore, attention to the holistic views of the Persian medicine, lifestyle modification, and improvement of the function of all organs, along with traditional medicine, can be effective in the success of infertility treatment.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known as the most common hormonal disorder in women at reproductive age. Recent studies have revealed a high prevalence of sleep disorders in PCOS, suggesting that ...it is an amendable factor for these patients; however, the sleep was not considered in their treatment plan. According to the Iranian traditional medicine (ITM), sleep is an important item in the lifestyle modification of all diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of sleep hygiene in PCOS from the view of ITM and Modern Medicine. In this study, some keywords about "sleep and PCOS" were searched in medical databases and some ITM books. Lifestyle modification is one of the first steps in treatment of patients with PCOS in which the emphasis will be mainly on exercise and diet. Despite proof of the high prevalence of sleep disorders in these patients, modification of sleep is not considered in their lifestyle. ITM as a holistic medicine emphasizes on lifestyle modification under the title of "Settah-e-Zaruria" (In Persian), the six essential schemes for the prevention and treatment of all diseases. Management of sleep is one of these schemes. There are many advices about sleep hygiene in both ITM and modern medicine. It seems that lifestyle modification should be expanded in PCOS patients to include more options, and sleep hygiene should be considered in their lifestyle alongside food and exercise.
Comprehensive explanation about milk oversupply is not available in the current literature because few studies have been done on this topic. In traditional Persian medicine, milk oversupply and its ...management have been described. The aim of this study was to investigate milk oversupply from the perspective of medieval Persian practitioners. In this study, some main medical resources of traditional Persian medicine such as Al-Havi and the Canon of Medicine were studied to extract valuable information about milk oversupply. Etiology of milk overproduction according to traditional Persian medicine is based on humors theory and cannot be easily compared with current medical concepts. Diet modifications and natural remedies have been applied for managing this condition but the majority of traditional Persian medicine interventions for reducing milk oversupply have not been scientifically investigated in modern medicine. The knowledge of milk oversupply in traditional Persian medicine may be helpful to conduct further related studies.
Objective: Uterus is an important body organ in women responsible for purifying blood and carrying fetus. In Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), identifying the uterine temperament (mizaj) is ...necessary for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this organ’s diseases. Many gynecological disorders in TIM including infertility, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis, urinary incontinence and pelvic pain are related to uterine distemperament (Su-e mizaj). Therefore, their appropriate treatment depends on the correct diagnosis and treatment of uterine distemperament. Criteria for uterine distemperament in TIM resources are qualitative with no method for precise measurement of its symptoms. This study aims to develop a standard diagnostic protocol of uterine temperament and distemperament for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Methods: This is a qualitative study using hybrid concept analysis including three phases: theoretical, fieldwork, and final analytical. In the theoretical phase, TIM resources were reviewed. In the fieldwork phase, experts in TIM and patients were interviewed to extract concepts related to uterine temperaments and distemperaments. Results: In the final analytical phase, major and minor criteria for determination of uterine temperament were presented. Then, we had a several meetings with a panel of experts in TIM in order to design the protocol which led to the development of a standard diagnostic protocol of warm and cold uterine temperament/distemperament. Conclusion: The proposed protocol is an important step towards harmonizing the methods of diagnosis and treatment in TIM, and can be used for treatment or research purposes.
Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill) is a popular medicinal herb in different traditional medicines. Concentrated quince fruit extract, also known as quince sauce (QS), is traditionally used for the ...treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of QS versus ranitidine on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in pregnant women. We compared the efficacy of 4 weeks of ranitidine (150 mg, twice daily) with the efficacy of QS (10 mg, after meals) on 137 pregnant women with GERD. Their General Symptom Score (GSS) and Major Symptom Score (MSS) were compared at the baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after intervention. After 2 weeks of the study, the mean GSS score of the QS group was significantly lower compared with the ranitidine group (p = .036). Although, the GSS value at the end of the study had no difference between groups (p = .074). However, the MSS of the different symptoms of the two groups at 2 weeks and 4 weeks had no significant differences. It seems that the efficacy of QS for the management of pregnancy-related GERD is similar to ranitidine.
Impact statement
What is already known on this subject? Quince is a traditional gastric tonic, an appetiser, and a remedy for nausea/vomiting and epigastric pain. Also, there are several previous positive experiences about quince products for GERD treatment.
What do the results of this study add? It seems that the efficacy of QS for the management of pregnancy-related GERD is similar to ranitidine.
What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? QS can be suggested as an alternative medicine for pregnant patients with GERD.
Perzijska medicina, koja je procvjetala u zlatnom dobu islama (od 9. do 12. stoljeća), smatra ljudsko tijelo jedinstvenom cjelinom čiji su organi u stalnoj interakciji i ravnoteži jedni s drugima. ...Koža je jedan od tih međusobno ovisnih organa koji imaju važnu ulogu u zaštiti unutarnjih organa te kao sustav za izlučivanje može izlučivati tvari koje tijelu nisu potrebne. Alternativno, maternica, vitalni organ u trudnoći, izlučuje višak tjelesnog materijala tijekom menstruacije kako bi održala zdravlje žene. Ova narativna studija govori o važnosti usklađivanja strukture i funkcije tih dvaju organa na temelju važnih udžbenika perzijske medicine, posebno onih napisanih tijekom ovoga povijesnog razdoblja. Jednako tako, elektroničke baze podataka korištene su za istraživanje članaka. Koža i maternica dva su organa za izlučivanje. Kada je izlučivanje viška tvari menstruacijom fiziološki ili patološki poremećeno, tijelo te tvari prenosi na kožu kao organ koji je povezan s maternicom. Dakle, kliničke manifestacije nekih kožnih bolesti mogu biti znak neravnoteže u funkciji maternice i srodnih organa. Posljedično, strukturne i funkcionalne sličnosti obaju organa mogu pružiti nov pogled u pristupu njihovim participativnim bolestima, uz integraciju perzijske i konvencionalne medicin
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