The years between 1849 and 1890 were the darkest for the three divisions of the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota tribal nations, as white European people began moving through the lands, to which they ...suffered harshly and inhumanely. Here, Bird looks back at the difficulties between 1849 and 1890. Many were captured, forced to walk in long, agonizing death marches, and put in military stockades were they were kept under threat of violence.
To determine whether elevated tumor necrosis factor levels contribute to the clinical manifestations and complications of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and to evaluate the relation between tumor ...necrosis factor and plasma levels of endotoxin and interleukin-1 beta.
Prospective, controlled study.
The liver unit of a university teaching hospital.
We studied 21 patients with acute severe alcoholic hepatitis. There were four control groups: patients with inactive alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic persons without liver disease, patients with impaired renal function, and normal subjects.
With one exception, patients with alcoholic hepatitis had higher tumor necrosis factor levels (mean, 26.3 ng/L; 95% CI, 21.7 to 30.9) than normal subjects (6.4 ng/L; CI, 5.4 to 7.4). Patients who subsequently died had a higher tumor necrosis factor level (34.7 ng/L; CI, 27.8 to 41.6) than survivors (16.6 ng/L; CI, 14.0 to 19.2). In patients with alcoholic hepatitis, tumor necrosis factor levels correlated positively with serum bilirubin (r = 0.74; P = 0.0009) and serum creatinine (r = 0.81; P = 0.0003). Patients with alcoholic hepatitis had higher tumor necrosis factor levels than patients with inactive alcoholic cirrhosis (11.1 ng/L; CI, 8.9 to 13.3) and severely alcoholic persons without liver disease (6.4 ng/L; CI, 5.0 to 7.8). Patients with abnormal renal function had lower tumor necrosis factor levels (14.1 ng/L; CI, 5.4 to 22.8) than patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Serial samples obtained during a 1-week period from patients with alcoholic hepatitis showed no significant change in tumor necrosis factor when patients who died were compared with survivors. No correlation was found between tumor necrosis factor and plasma endotoxin. Levels of interleukin-1 beta did not exceed 20 ng/L.
Elevations in tumor necrosis factor in alcoholic hepatitis are most marked in severe cases, suggesting that tumor necrosis factor plays a role in the pathogenesis.
PDF
