This article presents a highly integrated 2.4-GHz wake-up receiver (WuRX) achieving 91.5 dBm sensitivity with a state-of-the-art power and latency combination of 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math ...notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula> at 100 ms. The proposed within-packet duty-cycling method employs a carrier-sense mechanism to turn off the WuRX early under idle channel conditions, which reduces the dc-power compared with conventional asynchronous packet-level duty cycling by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">9\times </tex-math></inline-formula> at 10 ms latency (21 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula>) and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">2\times </tex-math></inline-formula> at 1 s latency (0.9 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula>) at the cost of 2 dB in sensitivity. The uncertain-IF topology with a phase-locked loop (PLL)-aided event-driven calibrated local-oscillator (LO) helps reduce the dc-power while maintaining a fast startup. The channel-embedded OOK scheme is used to create a deterministic IF to enable baseband (BB) channel selection and achieve continuous wave (CW) interference tolerance of −47 dB at 20 MHz offset. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, input matching and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">LC </tex-math></inline-formula> oscillator are all implemented on-chip, and operation is demonstrated with integrated low dropout regulators to capture the degradations in realistic system integration.
In this article, we present the design and analysis of a 785-nW multimodal sensor interface IC for ozone pollutant sensing and correlated cardiovascular disease monitoring based on ...electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG). The proposed hybrid <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">dc </tex-math></inline-formula> offset current cancellation (DCOC) along with a 4-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{M}\Omega </tex-math></inline-formula> gain-regulated cascode transimpedance amplifier (RGC-TIA) enable PPG readout power reduction by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">37\times </tex-math></inline-formula>, compared with the state-of-the-art PPG sensor interfaces. The ozone sensing channel proposes an adaptive architecture to enable low <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">V_{\text {DD}} </tex-math></inline-formula> operation, achieving a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">300\times </tex-math></inline-formula> power reduction, compared with the state-of-the-art gas sensing readouts. The ozone sensing channel's performance was also verified using custom resistive metal-oxide sensors for concentrations from 50 to 900 ppb. The sensor interface IC is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS, integrating a 165-nW voltage-mode ECG channel, a 532-nW current-mode PPG channel, 76-nW resistive-mode ozone channel, and 12.6-nW peripheral circuits, all at 0.6 V. The total system power consumption including the LED and a custom digital readout IC is 10.98-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">15.51~\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula>, which is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">41\times </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">57\times </tex-math></inline-formula> less than prior ozone/CVD joint monitoring sensor interface systems.
This article presents a highly integrated, supply, temperature, and interference-robust, event-driven wake-up receiver (WuRx) achieving <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">< -78.3 ...</tex-math></inline-formula>-dBm sensitivity using a custom-designed antenna at 4.9 GHz or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">< -72.3 </tex-math></inline-formula>-dBm sensitivity when matched to a 50-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Omega </tex-math></inline-formula> source at 5.3 GHz, consuming 184 nW at room temperature. The chip is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS LP technology and powered by a single supply. A novel slot antenna is proposed to directly conjugate match to the input of the chip and eliminate lossy impedance matching networks. The integrated references and regulation enable the receiver to operate for a wide range of temperatures from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-30\,\,^\circ \text{C} </tex-math></inline-formula> to 70 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^\circ \text{C} </tex-math></inline-formula> and a supply range from 1.2 to 1.5 V. The integrated proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control module allows the WuRx to automatically adapt for different temperatures and interference signals present in the ambient environment.
Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia Most human infections in the United States are caused by Babesia microti, but other ...infection-causing Babesia parasites have been documented as well. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods can be used to identify this parasite to the species level. In this study, published real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of B. microti were evaluated against conventional PCR for their analytical performance. All evaluated real-time PCR assays had comparable dynamic range and amplification efficiency, but the sensitivity and specificity varied. The best performing test, a TaqMan assay targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, was further evaluated for diagnostic performance using blood specimens submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for parasite detection and was found to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the 18S TaqMan real-time PCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for identification of B. microti among cases of babesiosis in the United States.
Abstract
We describe a second case of human infection caused by Thelazia gulosa (the cattle eye worm), likely acquired in California. For epidemiologic purposes, it is important to identify all ...Thelazia recovered from humans in North America to the species level.
•This article reports the first case ever of a Dracunculus worm infection in Vietnam.•The patient had not travelled to Africa/Nepal or any other endemic part of the world.•The patient was ...hospitalized with symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, muscle aches, and abscesses on the limbs.•Adult worms and rhabditiform larvae were found in the abscesses.•The patient had surgery to remove the worms in combination with specific medication.
Guinea worm (GW) disease, caused by Dracunculus medinensis, is an almost eradicated waterborne zoonotic disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently lists GW as endemic in only five African countries. In July 2020, the Vietnamese public health surveillance system detected a hanging worm in a 23-year-old male patient, who did not report any travel to Africa or any country previously endemic for GW. The patient was hospitalized with symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, muscle aches, and abscesses, with worms hanging out of the skin in the lower limbs. The worms were retrieved from the lesions and microscopically examined in Vietnam, identifying structures compatible with Dracunculus spp. and L1-type larvae. A section of this parasite was sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, United States, for confirmatory diagnosis of GW. The adult worm had cuticle structures compatible with Dracunculus parasites, although the length of L1 larvae was about 339 μm, substantially shorter than D. medinensis. DNA sequence analysis of the 18S small subunit rRNA gene confirmed that this parasite was not GW, and determined that the sample belonged to a Dracunculus sp. not previously reported in GenBank that clustered with the animal-infective Dracunculus insignis and Dracunculus lutrae, located in a different clade than D. medinensis. This study highlights the importance of effective public health surveillance systems and the collaborative work of local public health authorities from Vietnam with the WHO and CDC in efforts to achieve the eradication of GW.
We report a case of thelaziasis in a 26-year-old female, acquired in Oregon. A total of 14 worms were removed from the patient's left eye and were morphologically identified as being
. Until now, ...only two species of
have been implicated in causing human disease,
in Asia and Europe and occasional reports of
from the United States of America. Here, we describe a third, previously unreported parasite of humans,
(the cattle eyeworm) as an agent of human thelaziasis and the first reported case of human thelaziasis in North America in over two decades.
Copepods infected with Dracunculus medinensis larvae collected from infected dogs in Chad were fed to 2 species of fish and tadpoles. Although they readily ingested copepods, neither species of fish, ...Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) nor fathead minnow (Pimephalis promelas), were found to harbor Dracunculus larvae when examined 2-3 weeks later. Tadpoles ingested copepods much more slowly; however, upon examination at the same time interval, tadpoles of green frogs (Lithobates Rana clamitans) were found to harbor small numbers of Dracunculus larvae. Two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were fed fish or tadpoles that had been exposed to infected copepods. Only the ferret fed tadpoles harbored developing Dracunculus larvae at necropsy 70-80 days postexposure. These observations confirm that D. medinensis, like other species in the genus Dracunculus, can readily survive and remain infective in potential paratenic hosts, especially tadpoles.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, a diarrheal illness caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis, have been a public health issue in the USA since the mid 1990's. In 2018, 2299 domestically acquired cases of ...cyclosporiasis were reported in the USA as a result of multiple large outbreaks linked to different fresh produce commodities. Outbreak investigations are hindered by the absence of standardized molecular epidemiological tools for C. cayetanensis. For other apicomplexan coccidian parasites, multicopy organellar DNA such as mitochondrial genomes have been used for detection and molecular typing.
We developed a workflow to obtain complete mitochondrial genome sequences from cilantro samples and clinical samples for typing of C. cayetanensis isolates. The 6.3 kb long C. cayetanensis mitochondrial genome was amplified by PCR in four overlapping amplicons from genomic DNA extracted from cilantro, seeded with oocysts, and from stool samples positive for C. cayetanensis by diagnostic methods. DNA sequence libraries of pooled amplicons were prepared and sequenced via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Sequence reads were assembled using a custom bioinformatics pipeline.
This approach allowed us to sequence complete mitochondrial genomes from the samples studied. Sequence alterations, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles and insertion and deletions (InDels), in mitochondrial genomes of 24 stool samples from patients with cyclosporiasis diagnosed in 2014, exhibited discriminatory power. The cluster dendrogram that was created based on distance matrices of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences, indicated distinct strain-level diversity among the 2014 C. cayetanensis outbreak isolates analyzed in this study.
Our results suggest that genomic analyses of mitochondrial genome sequences may help to link outbreak cases to the source.
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