To date only two engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been approved to be used as biocidal active substances in the formulation of biocidal products under product type 18 (insecticides, acaricides ...and products to control other arthropods). Such materials are silicon dioxide (as a nanomaterial formed by aggregates and agglomerates) and synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide (nano). The use of non-animal alternative test methods has been foreseen in the Biocides Product Regulation, Regulation (EU) 258/2012 (BPR). Further, the BPR is one of the existing regulations that includes a specific definition of nanomaterials. On the present article, a review is made on the potential uses of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship approach (Nano-QSARs) to be used as a non-testing method for the generation of ecotoxicological data required for the approval of new active substances in the nanometric scale. Relevant challenges are to be faced in the application of computational chemistry but it could meet the needs imposed by the BPR in relation to the use of non-testing methods. However nanospecific adaptations need to be implemented further on ecotoxicological testing so that obtained results are considered a suitable input for models' building. The BPR, thus, sets the framework for innovative approaches in the regulatory approval of new chemicals that integrate special considerations derived from the chemical nature of ENMs and the application of non-testing methods but, to date, the implementation of such actions is not feasible in practical terms.
El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en poner de manifiesto aquellas barreras y facilitadores que actualmente, según distintos estudios llevados a cabo, están marcando el proceso de inclusión ...educativa en el alumnado con TEA. Para ello, 24 artículos han sido analizados, atendiendo a las voces de los principales implicados en esta temática: las familias, los diferentes profesionales educativos y el propio alumnado. Los resultados encontrados se analizarán no solo según promuevan o dificulten el proceso hacia una educación inclusiva, sino también según la perspectiva de las distintas voces; mostrando, a su vez, los puntos de encuentro entre estos, así como las posibles discrepancias. Para finalizar, se expondrán una serie de conclusiones derivadas de los resultados, las cuales evidenciarán lo lejos que todavía nos encontramos de ver este derecho satisfecho. A su vez, a través de la identificación de ciertas barreras clave, también aflorarán una serie de pautas de actuación útiles con el fin de promover una reflexión que pudiera derivar en un acortamiento entre lo que se dice que debería hacerse y lo que finalmente se lleva a cabo.
Objetivo: Estimar el grado de alfabetización para la salud (AS) de las técnicas en cuidados auxiliares de enfermería (TCAE) y del personal no sanitario perteneciente a la plantilla laboral de 4 ...hospitales españoles.
Método: Estudio descriptivo-correlacional, siendo la población diana las TCAE a quienes se preguntó, mediante formulario online HLS-EU-Q16 (Health Literacy Survey - European Union), con escala Likert de 4 valores (de 1 muy fácil a 4 muy difícil).
Resultados: Respondieron 477 profesionales. Los resultados para la AS global fueron: media 1,95 ± 0,03 y mediana 1,94. El nivel de alfabetización en salud (NAS) demostró AS suficiente en 293 (61,43%) individuos. La mediana sobre la AS de los 3 componentes del cuestionario fue: cuidado sanitario = 2, prevención de enfermedades = 2 y promoción de la salud = 1,75. El ítem sobre sobre la manera de abordar problemas de salud mental es el que presentó mayor dificultad con media de 2,45 ± 0,04 y mediana igual a 2. No hubo diferencias significativas entre TCAE y el personal no sanitario.
Conclusiones: El grado de AS de las TCAE resultó ser bueno, tanto a nivel global como en las dimensiones de atención y cuidado sanitario, prevención de enfermedades y promoción de la salud. Asimismo, el nivel de alfabetización en salud que se obtuvo resultó ser suficiente en la mayoría de ellas. No se encontró diferencias con el personal no sanitario perteneciente a la plantilla laboral de 4 hospitales estudiados.
The management of patients with pancreatic cancer has advanced over the last few years. We convey a multidisciplinary group of experts in an attempt to stablish practical guidelines for the ...diagnoses, staging and management of these patients. This paper summarizes the main conclusions of the working group. Patients with suspected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma should be rapidly evaluated and referred to high-volume centers. Multidisciplinary supervision is critical for proper diagnoses, staging and to frame a treatment plan. Surgical resection together with chemotherapy offers the highest chance for cure in early stage disease. Patients with advanced disease should be classified in treatment groups to guide systemic treatment. New chemotherapeutic regimens have resulted in improved survival. Symptomatic management is critical in this disease. Enrollment in a clinical trial is, in general, recommended.
Although manual scoring has been classically considered the gold standard to identify periodic leg movements (PLM), it is a very time consuming and expensive process, also subject to variability in ...interpretation. In the last decades, different authors have observed reasonably good agreement between automated PSG scoring algorithms and manual scoring in adults, according to established criteria. We aim to compare the automatic software analysis of our polysomnogram with the manual staging in children with sleep-disordered breathing.
We performed a semiautomatic method, in which an experienced technician watched the video recording and removed from the automatic analysis those movements that did not correspond to true candidate leg movement (LM).
A total of 131 PSGs were studied; applying the established criteria, 65 children were diagnosed of obstructive sleep apnea, and 66 presented snoring but with no sleep apnea. The mean age was 6.7 years (±1.7) and twenty-five children (19.08 %) had a PLMI >5/h. Statistical differences were found not only for PLMI (manual: 2.20 (0.7, 4.1) vs automatic (6.4 (3.85,9.5); p < 0.001), but for almost of all indexes assessed between the automatic and the manual scoring analysis. The level of concordance was only moderate for PLM index (0.63 0.51–0.72); showing that, unlike the articles published in the adult population, automatic analysis is not accurate in children and, manually or semi-automatically analysis as ours need to be done.
It seems that PLM detection algorithm might work accurately but, the real need would be a true LM detection algorithm.
•Modern software algorithms can easily identify the periodicity of the leg movements (LM).•However, they fail in the proper identification of these LM, including body movements.•Statistically significant difference was found between manual and automatic staging in children.•Manual staging of LM is still essential, at least in the pediatric population.
This paper describes the Second Public Data Release (DR2) of the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. The data for 200 objects are made public, including the 100 galaxies of the ...First Public Data Release (DR1). Data were obtained with the integral-field spectrograph PMAS/PPak mounted on the 3.5 m telescope at the Calar Alto observatory. Two different spectral setups are available for each galaxy, (i) a low-resolution V500 setup covering the wavelength range 3745-7500 Angstrom with a spectral resolution of 6.0 Angstrom (FWHM); and (ii) a medium-resolution V1200 setup covering the wavelength range 3650-4840 Angstrom with a spectral resolution of 2.3 Angstrom (FWHM). The sample covers a redshift range between 0.005 and 0.03, with a wide range of properties in the color-magnitude diagram, stellar mass, ionization conditions, and morphological types. All the cubes in the data release were reduced with the latest pipeline, which includes improvedspectrophotometric calibration, spatial registration, and spatial resolution. The spectrophotometric calibration is better than 6% and the median spatial resolution is 2."4. In total, the second data release contains over 1.5 million spectra.
We present the first public data release (DR1) of the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. It consists of science-grade optical datacubes for the first 100 of eventually 600 nearby ...galaxies, obtained with the integral-field spectrograph PMAS/PPak mounted on the 3.5 m telescope at the Calar Alto observatory. The galaxies in DR1 already cover a wide range of properties in color-magnitude space, morphological type, stellar mass, and gas ionization conditions. Two different spectral setups are available for each galaxy, (i) a low-resolution V500 setup covering the nominal wavelength range 3745-7500 Angstrom with a spectral resolution of 6.0 Angstrom (FWHM), and (ii) a medium-resolution V1200 setup covering the nominal wavelength range 3650-4840 Angstrom with a spectral resolution of 2.3 Angstrom (FWHM). We present the characteristics and data structure of the CALIFA datasets that should be taken into account for scientific exploitation of the data, in particular the effects of vignetting, bad pixels and spatially correlated noise.
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