Background Physical activity is an essential element in reducing the prevalence of obesity, but much is unknown about the intensity and location of physical activity among youth—this is important ...because adolescent health behaviors are predictive of behaviors in adults. Purpose This study aims to identify the locations where youth moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) occurs, and to examine how MVPA varies according to urbanicity (urban, suburban, rural). Methods Participants included adolescent students (N=380, aged 12–16 years) from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Locations of MVPA were measured using accelerometers and GPS data loggers for up to 7 days. Specialized software was developed to integrate and process the data. Frequencies of MVPA by location were determined, and differences in MVPA were assessed for association with urbanicity. Results Active commuting accounted for the largest proportion of time in MVPA among urban and suburban students. Rural students achieved most MVPA at school. Other residential locations, shopping centers, and green spaces accounted for a majority of the remaining MVPA. Minutes in MVPA varied significantly overall (196.6±163.8, 84.9±103.2, 81.7±98.2); at school (45.7±45.2, 18.6±28.0, 29.8±39.7); while commuting (110.3±107.1, 31.5±55.2, 19.5±39.7); and at other activity locations (19.7±27.1, 14.8±26.8, 12.0±22.1) and by urbanicity. Conclusions Findings reveal that the journeys between locations are as important as home and school settings in contributing to greater MVPA in adolescent youth. The relative importance of context as a contributor to MVPA varies with urbanicity. Combining actimetry and GPS data provides a precise link between physical activity measurements and contexts of the built environment.
Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and high physical fitness are extremely important to the health of children and track to positive health profiles in adulthood. Family-based ...interventions to improve moderate-to-vigorous physical activity are essential given that children live within a structure of parental influence. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a parent planning skills intervention to support child physical activity on the subsequent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (primary outcome) and fitness of their children across 26 weeks (primary endpoint).
Two-arm randomized trial with physical activity assessment at baseline 6 weeks, 13 weeks, and 26 weeks and fitness and BMI tests at baseline and 26 weeks from 2012 and 2017.
One hundred and two children (aged 6–12 years) who were below international physical activity recommendations at baseline were recruited through advertisements.
Participants received a planning plus education intervention (n=52) or an education-only intervention (n=50).
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was assessed via accelerometry and fitness tests included aerobic fitness, muscular strength, flexibility. BMI was calculated by objectively assessed height and weight.
Generalized linear mixed modeling conducted in 2019 showed that the patterns varied by condition over time (β=−0.05, p<0.05), where children in the planning intervention significantly increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared with the education condition at 6 weeks and 13 weeks but not at 26 weeks. Aerobic fitness (p=0.04, d=0.26) was the only significant health-related physical fitness change between the two groups and favored the planning group over the education group.
There was initial efficacy of the planning intervention, but effectiveness waned by 26 weeks. These changes appeared to be sufficient for modest changes in aerobic fitness. Future research should aim to improve the maintenance of these early positive changes and assist parents in planning for activities that also include opportunities to improve child musculoskeletal fitness.
This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01882192.
Exposure of rats to a cat elicits Fos activity in a number of brain areas or structures. Based on hodological relationships of these, Canteras has proposed a medial hypothalamic defense system, with ...input from several forebrain sites. Both electrolytic and neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal premammillary nucleus, which shows the strongest Fos response to cat exposure, produce striking decrements in a number of defensive behaviors to a cat or to cat odor stimuli, but do not have a major effect on either postshock freezing, or responsivity to the odor of a female in estrus. Neurotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala produce decrements in defensiveness to predator stimuli, particularly odor stimuli, that are consistent with a view of this structure as involved with allomonal cues. While dorsal hippocampal lesions had little effect on responsivity to predator stimuli, neurotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus reduced freezing and enhanced a variety of nondefensive behaviors to both cat odor and footshock, with similar reductions in defensiveness during context conditioning tests for cat odor, cat exposure and footshock.
These results support the view that the dorsal premammillary nucleus is strongly and selectively involved in control of responsivity to predator stimuli. Structures with important input into the medial hypothalamic defense system appear also to be functionally involved with antipredator defensive behaviors, and these lesion studies may suggest specific hypotheses as to the particular defense functions of different areas.
A growing body of evidence is documenting the multidimensional nature of cancer-related fatigue. Although several multidimensional measures of fatigue have been developed, further validation of these ...scales is needed. To this end, the current study sought to evaluate the factorial and construct validity of the 30-item Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF). A heterogeneous sample of 304 cancer patients (mean age 55 years) completed the MFSI-SF, along with several other measures of psychosocial functioning including the MOS-SF-36 and Fatigue Symptom Inventory, following the fourth cycle of chemotherapy treatment. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis indicated the 5-factor model provided a good fit to the data as evidenced by commonly used goodness of fit indices (CFI 0.90 and IFI 0.90). Additional evidence for the validity of the MFSI-SF was provided via correlations with other relevant instruments (range −0.21 to 0.82). In sum, the current study provides support for the MFSI-SF as a valuable tool for the multidimensional assessment of cancer-related fatigue.
Walking is the primary focus of population-based physical activity initiatives but a theoretical understanding of this behaviour is still elusive. The purpose of this study was to integrate ...personality, the perceived environment, and planning into a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework to predict leisure-time walking.
Participants were a random sample (N = 358) of Canadian adults who completed measures of the TPB, planning, perceived neighbourhood environment, and personality at Time 1 and self-reported walking behaviour two months later.
Analyses using structural equation modelling provided evidence that leisure-time walking is largely predicted by intention (standardized effect = .42) with an additional independent contribution from proximity to neighbourhood retail shops (standardized effect = .18). Intention, in turn, was predicted by attitudes toward walking and perceived behavioural control. Effects of perceived neighbourhood aesthetics and walking infrastructure on walking were mediated through attitudes and intention. Moderated regression analysis showed that the intention-walking relationship was moderated by conscientiousness and proximity to neighbourhood recreation facilities but not planning.
Overall, walking behaviour is theoretically complex but may best be addressed at a population level by facilitating strong intentions in a receptive environment even though individual differences may persist.
Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with many health benefits during childhood, and tracks into desirable PA patterns and health profiles in adulthood. Interventions designed to support ...these behaviours among young children are critical. Family-based interventions focusing on parent-child activities together (i.e., co-activity) among preschool-aged children are warranted. Targeting parental support practices can increase the frequency of co-activity, however interventions must move beyond merely building intention and planning skills for successful maintenance. Interventions designed to increase co-activity habit strength may facilitate the sustainability and thus impact child PA. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of three intervention conditions designed to increase child PA through co-activity: a standard education condition (information about benefits), a planning (action planning, coping planning) + education condition and a habit (context-dependent repetition from prompts and cues) + planning +education condition.
A longitudinal three-arm parallel design randomized trial will compare three conditions over six months. Families are eligible if they have at least one child between 3y and 5y that is not meeting 60mins/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The primary outcome (child MVPA) is assessed via accelerometry at baseline, six weeks, three months and six months (primary endpoint). Intervention materials targeting co-activity are delivered post baseline assessment, with booster sessions at six weeks and three months. Parental co-activity habit, parent-child co-activity and other behavioural constructs are also assessed via questionnaire at all measurement occasions. As tertiary outcomes, parental PA is measured via accelerometry and co-activity is measured via a Bluetooth-enabled proximity feature. A total of 106 families have been recruited thus far from the Greater Victoria region. The study is ongoing with a minimum target of 150 families and an anticipated recruitment completion date of August 2022.
This protocol describes the implementation of a randomized trial evaluating the effectiveness of a habit formation group compared with a planning group and an education only group to increase child PA through targeting parent-child co-activity. This information could prove useful in informing public health initiatives to promote PA among families with preschool-aged children.
This trial was prospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov in February 2016, identifier NCT03055871 .
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Background
Understanding the predictors of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during early postpartum is important to improve promotion efforts. Affect-related constructs are key ...predictors of MVPA but have limited research in mothers during the postpartum period.
Purpose
To examine two affect-related constructs (affective response to exercise and affective judgments) as predictors of MVPA intention and behavior across three months, among a sample of new mothers.
Methods
Participants were 105 mothers (M age = 30.64 years; SD = 3.93) who completed measures during postpartum at 2-months post-birth of their first child. The affective response to exercise (assessed at baseline 2-months postpartum during a submaximal treadmill test), affective judgments and intention (baseline, 6-weeks after baseline), and MVPA (baseline, 6- and 12-weeks after baseline) were assessed via self-report.
Results
Path analysis, using ordinary least squares regression, showed that the affective response during exercise was a significant predictor of intention (baseline, 6-weeks), as well as change in intention from baseline to 6-weeks. By contrast, affective judgments predicted intention at 6-weeks, but not at baseline or in the change model. Past MVPA did not moderate these findings, although the affective response during exercise also had a significant indirect effect on MVPA through intention at 6-weeks and 12-weeks.
Conclusions
Interventions targeting women’s affective response during exercise may be important during postpartum, perhaps through self-paced physical activity guidance. Affective judgments may not be predictive of MVPA, in part due to unanticipated changes during early postpartum leading to inaccurate expectations of the physical activity experience.
How a bout of exercise feels during performance is a better predictor of future physical activity intention and behavior than expectations of enjoyment among first-time mothers in their first eight months postpartum.
Lay Summary
Understanding the predictors of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during early postpartum is important to improve promotion efforts. Affect-related constructs are key predictors of MVPA but have limited research in mothers during the postpartum period. The purpose of this study was examine two affect-related constructs (affective response to exercise and affective judgments) as predictors of MVPA intention and behavior across three months, among a sample of new mothers. Participants were 105 mothers who completed measures of affective response to exercise (assessed at 2 months postpartum during a sub-maximal treadmill test), affective judgments and intention (2 months postpartum, and 6-weeks after), and MVPA (2 months postpartum, 6- and 12-weeks after). The affective response during exercise was a significant predictor of intention as well as change in intention over time. By contrast, affective judgments was a less reliable predictor across the study. Interventions targeting women’s affective response during exercise may be important during postpartum, perhaps through self-paced physical activity guidance. Affective judgments may not be predictive of MVPA, in part due to unanticipated changes during early postpartum leading to inaccurate expectations of the physical activity experience.
To determine the independent and interactive associations among body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in breast, prostate, colorectal, bladder, ...uterine, and skin melanoma cancer survivors.
A total of 3241 cancer survivors completed a national cross-sectional survey that included PA questions and the RAND-36 Health Status Inventory.
Compared with healthy-weight survivors, obese breast, prostate, bladder, and skin melanoma cancer survivors were significantly less likely to meet the PA guideline. Furthermore, healthy-weight and/or overweight breast, prostate, colorectal, uterine cancer, and skin melanoma survivors reported significantly better physical functioning compared with their obese counterparts, whereas overweight colorectal cancer survivors reported significantly better mental health compared with obese survivors. Finally, hierarchical linear regressions showed that none of the BMI × PA interactions was significant for the physical or mental component composite scores across the cancer types.
The percentage of cancer survivors meeting the American Cancer Society's PA guideline seems to vary by weight status in breast, prostate, bladder, and skin melanoma cancer survivors. In addition, BMI and PA have independent associations with HRQoL; however, the interactive association of BMI and PA on HRQoL was negligible. Clarifying the relationship between BMI and PA across different cancer types will help identify potential target groups for future PA interventions that will help ameliorate the negative side effects of cancer and improve HRQoL.
The demands of early parenthood may limit the pursuit of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA); thus, understanding the predictors of MVPA among this population could help build ...targeted intervention programs. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates of MVPA, in the form of constructs subsumed within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and multi-process action control (M-PAC) framework, among new parents participating in in a couple-based PA promotion randomized trial across a six-month period in the first year after birth.
In total, 264 participants (132 couples) at the two-month point of parenting their first child were enrolled in the trial through advertisements. MVPA, TPB, and M-PAC constructs were assessed via self-report at baseline, and six-week, three-month, and six-month after baseline time-periods.
Dyadic path modeling of the TPB showed that intention only predicted MVPA for mothers and PBC did not predict MVPA. Most of the sample had intentions to be physically active, although the extent to which intentions predicted subsequent MVPA was dependent on mothers and fathers reported strength of planning, habits, and exercise identity (M-PAC variables). Intention was subsequently predicted by affective attitude and PBC for mothers and fathers.
Interventions targeting affective attitude and perceived behavioral control may assist in improving MVPA intentions of new parents; yet, additional intervention strategies to increase planning, habit, and especially exercise identity seems warranted for many parents to close the gap between intention and PA. The findings highlight the complementary approach of intention formation and intention translation theories among new parents.
•This study was designed to examine correlates of physical activity among first-time new parents.•Intention predicted behavior for mothers but not fathers.•Perceived behavioral control did not predict behavior for mothers or fathers.•Gender did not moderate those who translated their intentions into behavior.•Planning, habit, and exercise identity predicted those who translated their intentions into behavior.
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