A method allowing single photon counting with an additional energy information without increasing the radiation dose is presented. On a pixel chip an energy window has been realised by introducing a ...second discriminator with a separate counter in every pixel. Both discriminators have an independent threshold voltage and can be adjusted individually. Measurements on the noise behavior, threshold variation and threshold settings are presented.
Medical X-ray imaging with energy windowing Lindner, M.; Blanquart, L.; Fischer, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
06/2001, Letnik:
465, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A photon counting pixel read-out chip for medical X-ray imaging with energy windowing is presented. It consists of 32×32 pixels of 200
μm×200
μm size, each of them contains two discriminators and two ...18-bit counters. Both discriminator thresholds can be adjusted individually for good image homogeneity and a circuit has been designed to avoid threshold drift. Measurements on the noise behaviour, threshold variation and threshold drift are shown.
MCC: the Module Controller Chip for the ATLAS Pixel Detector Beccherle, R; Darbo, G; Gagliardi, G ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2002, Letnik:
492, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this article we describe the architecture of the Module Controller Chip for the ATLAS Pixel Detector. The project started in 1997 with the definition of the system specifications. A first ...fully-working rad-soft prototype was designed in 1998, while a radiation hard version was submitted in 2000. The 1998 version was used to build pixel detector modules. Results from those modules and from the simulated performance in ATLAS are reported. In the article we also describe the hardware/software tools developed to test the MCC performance at the LHC event rate.
XPAD: a hybrid pixel detector for X-ray diffraction and diffusion Boudet, N.; Berar, J.-F.; Blanquart, L. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/2003, Letnik:
510, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Currently available 2D detectors do not allow full use of the high flux and high brilliance of third generation synchrotron sources. Strong efforts are therefore being made to develop 2D detectors ...with improved performances. In this paper, we present results obtained from a prototype photon counting detector with high dynamical range, high counting rate and short read-out time.
Pixel analog cells prototypes for ATLAS in DMILL technology Blanquart, L.; Mekkaoui, A.; Bonzom, V. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
08/1997, Letnik:
395, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this paper, we describe the circuit we propose for pixel applications. In particular, we present the different parts of the analog cell, which includes a charge pre-amplifier using PJFET, bipolar ...and MOS transistors. The pre-amplifier incorporates a new DC feedback circuit which eases tunability, enhances stability and makes the pre-amplifier less sensitive to leakage current. The first stage is followed by a low offset bipolar-based comparator, in which special attention has been paid to reducing threshold spread. We also present experimental results on cell-to-cell mismatch and time walk, which are crucial parameters for realizing an accurate and reliable pixel detector.
In this paper, results obtained from a prototype photon counting detector are presented. The pixel size is 330 µm × 330 µm for a total area of 16 µm × 40 mm. The detector works at room temperature ...and its dynamic response ranges from 0.01 up to 106 photons pixel−1 s−1. An energy resolution of about 1.5 keV has been measured. Very encouraging small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and diffraction patterns were obtained, demonstrating the success of the prototype. Plans for future developments based on this study are presented.
The silicon pixel tracking system for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is described and the performance requirements are summarized. Detailed descriptions of the pixel detector ...electronics and the silicon sensors are given. The design, fabrication, assembly and performance of the pixel detector modules are presented. Data obtained from test beams as well as studies using cosmic rays are also discussed.
X-ray pixel detector for crystallography Delpierre, P.; Berar, J.F.; Blanquart, L. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
08/2001, Letnik:
48, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
For X-ray diffraction experiments, the required dynamic range is a challenge. The signal ranges usually over more than six orders of magnitude. To meet this requirement and to reduce the readout time ...with respect to the commonly used charge-coupled device camera, a dedicated hybrid pixel detector is under development. We have designed a new counting chip with pixel size of 330 /spl mu/m. The expected counting rate per pixel is 10/sup 7/ ph/s, and a continuous readout with time stamping will allow a dynamic range for up to 4/spl times/10/sup 9/ (16-bit counter in each pixel and 16-bit counter per pixel in the readout boards). This chip has been submitted for fabrication and is under test. First results of this chip will be presented. As a first step, a small detector (4/spl times/1.6 cm/sup 2/) is being built, using a DELPHI(LEP/CERN) silicon array of diodes, which have good efficiency for collecting X-rays between 5 and 25 keV. After the electrical tests, the performance of this X-ray detector will be measured in the ESRF-D2AM beam line (Grenoble, France), scheduled for December 2000. If this prototype performs as expected, a large array (25/spl times/25 cm/sup 2/) of such detectors could be built.
A fast low noise, limited power, radiation-hard front-end chip was developed for reading out the Atlas Pixel Silicon Detector. As in the past prototypes, every chip is used to digitize and read out ...charge and time information from hits on each one of its 2880 inputs. The basic column readout architecture idea was adopted and modified to allow a safe transition to quarter micron technology. Each pixel cell, organized in a 16018 matrix, can be independently enabled and configured in order to optimize the analog signal response and to prevent defective pixels from saturating the readout. The digital readout organizes hit data coming from each column, with respect to time, and output them on a low-level serial interface. A considerable effort was made to design state machines free of undefined states, where single-point defects and charge deposited by heavy ions in the silicon could have led to unpredicted forbidden states.
A new analog pixel front-end cell has been developed for the ATLAS detector at the future Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN). This analog cell has been ...submitted in two commercial 0.25 mu m CMOS processes (in an analog test chip format), using special layout techniques for radiation hardness purposes. It is composed of two cascaded amplifiers followed by a fast discriminator featuring a detection threshold within the range of 1000 to 10000 electrons. The first preamplifier has the principal role of providing a large bandwidth, low input impedance, and fast rise time in order to enhance the time-walk and crosstalk performance, whereas the second fully differential amplifier is aimed at delivering a sufficiently high-voltage gain for optimum comparison. A new do feedback concept renders the cell tolerant of sensor leakage current up to 300 nA and provides monitoring of this current. Two 5-bit digital-to-analog converters tolerant to single-event upset have been implemented for threshold and recovery-time pixel-to-pixel matching purposes. Special attention has been paid to the power-supply rejection ratio to minimize sensitivity to pickup. The complete cell dissipates 30 mu W, occupies an area of 5090 mu m super(2) and is operated with a single 1.6-V power supply. Measurements of two test chips are presented.
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