Interpreting a dialog or a text is one of the practices in foreign language learning classes but it is often limited to mere repetition and memorization of sentences and intonation schemes which may ...result in a mechanical approach to the foreign language instead of a more personal approach which would allow more flexibility and self-correction capacity. That is why some acting techniques which teachers may not be aware of for lack of information can prove very useful to improve precision and fluidity in articulation and more variety in intonations, and therefore gradually adopting sounds, rhythm and melodies of the target language.
Numerous dendroarchaeological studies have been carried out in buildings in the south-eastern quarter of France, which has enabled us to lay the foundations for a first regional restitution of forest ...stands in the medieval and modern periods, based on the species, diameters, ages and growth rhythms of the trees used by humans. The 2369 pieces of dated softwood timber are mainly larch and fir from the Massif Central and the Alps mountains. Larch seems to have been used mostly locally in the Alps, whereas fir was certainly exported from the two regions to the lowland towns. Very little felling has been identified in the historically troubled 13th–14th century. For the moment we have not identified any fir trees used before the 15th century in the Alps, whereas they are present in the Massif Central from the 12th century. Growth of fir timbers show little variation over time while larch timbers present an increase in growth between those felled until the 12th century and those felled from the 15th century onwards. Finally, since firs from the Massif Central show a higher age trend than those from the Alps, this can serve as a model for identifying the source forests of the timber used in the Rhône valley.
To understand the impact of carbonization on the acquisition of dendrochronological dating, several experiments were conducted. The shrinkage of ring widths from woods measured before and after ...carbonization was first characterized. To determine whether the dendrochronological signal was affected by carbonization, joists from a 16th-century building were dated both before and after carbonization. Case studies on archaeological charcoals were also carried out, using a protocol developed to enhance the visibility of growth rings. The fragmentation inherent to charcoal required in some cases a more complex approach to reconstruct the growth of charred wood from the pith to the periphery. These experiments were used to characterize the dating potential of dendrochronology based on charcoals from archaeological excavations.
Interpréter un texte figure parmi les pratiques de classe de langue étrangère. Néanmoins cette activité se limite souvent à la simple mémorisation et répétition de phrases et de schémas intonatifs, ...ce qui peut générer certains mécanismes, empêchant alors l’apprenant de pouvoir faire sienne la parole en langue étrangère, et de se rendre plus disponible afin de se corriger plus facilement. Certaines techniques d’acteur méconnues par les enseignants, car peu diffusées, s’avèrent très utiles pour obtenir une articulation précise et fluide, varier les intonations, et s’approprier le texte, et ainsi adopter progressivement les sons, le rythme et les mélodies de la langue cible.
La pile 18 du pont-siphon de Beaunant, située dans le lit de l’Yzeron et examinée lors d’une fouille préventive, présente un massif de fondation ayant nécessité lors de sa mise en œuvre un coffrage ...composé de planches en sapin maintenues par des poteaux. Au-delà de l’apport archéologique d’une telle découverte, ces bois présentent, pour certains, un nombre de cernes suffisant pour l’obtention d’une datation par dendrochronologie. Cette dernière, de 110 apr. J.-C., permet de définitivement ancrer la construction de l’aqueduc du Gier sous le règne de Trajan. L’acquisition des données dendrochronologiques permet également d’élargir la réflexion aux pratiques d’exploitation du bois d’œuvre et ses circuits d’approvisionnement, avec une provenance qui est potentiellement à rattacher aux environs du tracé de l’adduction.
The Yzeron siphon bridge at Beaunant (Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon) was 290 m long at the deck and 18 m high in its central part. It had 30 arches supported by 29 piles. The bridge supported the penstocks of a siphon nearly 2,260 m long, allowing the Gier aqueduct to cross the Yzeron valley, which at this point is 1,500 m wide and 125 m deep. Pile 18 –examined during a preventive archaeology excavation carried out in 2018 in the river bed– had a foundation mass that required the use of wooden formwork for its realisation in masonry.This formwork consists of fir planks laid on edge and roughly nailed to squared fir posts. The formwork is attested at least on the southern and eastern sides of the pile. Because the state of preservation of the formwork timbers was uneven, only about twenty samples could be taken, in some cases several from the same timbers. In the end, at least eight boards and six posts were removed, two of which were of circular cross-section found at the front of the formwork.Among the 14 timbers measured, not all show the same number of rings because of the cutting method and the age of the fir trees. The number of rings measured thus varies from 16 to 62. The posts most often have their first growth ring preserved (pith) and sometimes their last ring at the time of collection (cambium). However, they correspond to the shortest growth series, from 16 to 40 rings. The preparation of the boards, cut on a slab by sawing, leads to a loss of material and therefore of rings, that varies in scale according to their location in the tree. For these timbers, the pith and cambium are rarely preserved. However, they correspond to the longest series, with between 30 and 62 rings. The similarity of some of the growth curves indicates that some of the timbers are from the same fir tree. This is the case for at least three of the eight boards.These different series were synchronised with each other. Posts with few rings were discarded because of the absence of overlap with the longer series and will remain undated, except for one post with 40 rings. An average of 82 years was generated from nine individual samples (one post and the eight boards).The comparison of this average with the dated benchmarks give a date of 110 CE. This dating is supported by the different correlation values obtained and the replications for the same dating. The most significant correlation values concern the Auvergne-Limagne benchmarks, but also those of numerous sites in eastern France.These results also make it possible to extend investigation to the provenance of the fir trees used to make the formwork. The growth area of fir trees varies in its distance from the Beaunant site, with a spontaneous distribution from the montane level between 400 to 1800 m in altitude. The formwork timber necessarily requires a supply of raw timber, or partially processed wood in the case of the boards. Several supply areas can be envisaged at varying distances: the Pilat and Ardèche mountains to the south/south-west, the Lyonnais, Forez and Livradois-Forez mountains to the west and the southern part of the Jura massif as well as the northern Pre-Alps to the east. The assumed distances range from around 20 to 65 km.Comparing the correlation results between the different dated sites over a large area, the highest values are concentrated only on the ancient site of Ambert-La Masse (Puy-de-Dôme). This artisanal site on the banks of the Dore is also the closest geographically to Beaunant, had a distance of 80 km. This high correlation value (Student’s t = 5.25 and coefficient (r) = 0.61) most likely suggests a supply of fir from the west. This limits the forests exploited to the Pilat massif, Monts Lyonnais or the Forez foothills. A comparison of these results with the route of the Gier aqueduct, which originated at the foot of the Pilat massif, provides clues to a probable source in this sector. Indeed, the dendroprovenance approach indicates a common climatic signal between the Beaunant and Ambert-La Masse sites. It is therefore likely that the water comes from this part of Forez, the Pilat massif or Monts Lyonnais. The location of the aqueduct’s feeder catchment and its route, on the edge of the fir zone, suggests several terroirs likely to provide timber for its construction, both for scaffolding and for foundation formwork such as that discovered at Pile 18. It is therefore very likely that the need for timber is part of a windfall opportunity generated by the work on the Gier aqueduct itself and by tree felling in the vicinity of its route.
La pile 18 du pont-siphon de Beaunant, située dans le lit de l’Yzeron et examinée lors d’une fouille préventive, présente un massif de fondation ayant nécessité lors de sa mise en œuvre un coffrage ...composé de planches en sapin maintenues par des poteaux. Au-delà de l’apport archéologique d’une telle découverte, ces bois présentent, pour certains, un nombre de cernes suffisant pour l’obtention d’une datation par dendrochronologie. Cette dernière, de 110 apr. J.-C., permet de définitivement ancrer la construction de l’aqueduc du Gier sous le règne de Trajan. L’acquisition des données dendrochronologiques permet également d’élargir la réflexion aux pratiques d’exploitation du bois d’œuvre et ses circuits d’approvisionnement, avec une provenance qui est potentiellement à rattacher aux environs du tracé de l’adduction.
Une statuette antique en bois d’un dieu assis en tailleur fut découverte dans un puits en 1872 au Crêt-Chatelard (Saint-Marcel-de-Félines), et, malgré l’ancienneté de cette découverte, l’artefact est ...encore conservé à ce jour. Cette nouvelle étude montre quel mobilier (bassin, céramiques, entraves, vannerie) lui était associé dans le puits. La date de réalisation de la statuette est précisée par la datation 14C et par la dendrochronologie. L’ensemble formait peut-être un dépôt rituel de la seconde moitié du iie s. de n. è.
An ancient wooden statuette of a “seated god” was discovered in a well in 1872 at Crêt-Chatelard (Saint-Marcel-de-Félines). Despite the age of this discovery, the artifact is still preserved today. ...This new study shows what furniture (basin, ceramics, fetters, basketry) was associated with it in the well. The date of realization of the statuette is specified by the 14C dating and specified by dendrochronology. The ensemble may have formed a ritual deposit of the second half of the 2nd century AD.
X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) imaging allows non-destructive visualization of the structure of various materials. Applied to wooden objects, it allows determination of their morphologies or ...manufacturing techniques, but also measurement of growth ring widths. We have applied XRCT to a selection of 38 mummy labels. This funerary furniture, made up of endemic or imported tree species, has survived thanks to environmental conditions in very large quantities in regions in Middle and Upper Egypt and is featured now in museum collections across the globe. Mummy labels thus represent a unique and abundant data source to build floating or absolutely dated dendrochronological chronologies for this period. Here we discuss the possible contributions and limitations of XRCT for the analysis of these artifacts and show that the approach allows identification of discriminating markers for the identification of certain species on the transverse plane, but that the insufficient resolution of the tangential and radial planes normally prevents formal identification of species. By contrast, XRCT undeniably enhances the visibility of toolmarks (in terms of numbers and depth), and thereby allows highlighting marks that remain invisible to the naked eye; XRCT also provides key insights into cutting methods and the calibers used and yields new information on silvicultural practices and the knowhow of Egyptian craftsmen. Finally, the measurement of ring widths on XRCT imagery is also more accurate than what can be achieved by traditional dendrochronological measurements, especially in the case of cuts realized on a slab. The approach also confirms the limited potential of local broadleaved species for dendrochronological approaches due to unreadable or poorly visible tree rings and mostly short tree-ring sequences.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In 2018, an archaeological excavation was undertaken to study three piers (17, 18 and 19) of the Yzeron bridge-siphon at Beaunant (Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, France) located in the current riverbed. This ...operation uncovered the opus quadratum foundations established at the base of the elevation of two piers (17 and 19) and revealed the well-preserved remains of a wooden frame used to carry out the opus caementicium for the foundation block of pier 18. The resulting data is unprecedented in the originality of the materials and construction process, and offer the possibility of exploring the question of the ancient route of the river and its relation to the building.
En 2018, une fouille d’archéologie préventive a concerné trois piles (17, 18 et 19) du pont-siphon de l’Yzeron à Beaunant sur la commune de Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon (Métropole de Lyon) situées dans le lit actuel de la rivière. Cette intervention a permis de découvrir des soubassements en opus quadratum établis à la base de l’élévation de deux piles (17 et 19) et de mettre au jour les vestiges bien conservés d’un coffrage en bois employé pour la mise en œuvre de l’opus caementicium du massif de fondation de la pile 18. Ces données inédites offrent la possibilité de questionner, au travers de l’originalité des matériaux et des procédés de construction, le tracé antique de la rivière et sa relation à l’édifice.
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